全文获取类型
收费全文 | 12234篇 |
免费 | 1368篇 |
国内免费 | 8篇 |
专业分类
13610篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 77篇 |
2021年 | 180篇 |
2020年 | 103篇 |
2019年 | 139篇 |
2018年 | 160篇 |
2017年 | 157篇 |
2016年 | 265篇 |
2015年 | 444篇 |
2014年 | 495篇 |
2013年 | 636篇 |
2012年 | 759篇 |
2011年 | 780篇 |
2010年 | 510篇 |
2009年 | 479篇 |
2008年 | 645篇 |
2007年 | 672篇 |
2006年 | 607篇 |
2005年 | 593篇 |
2004年 | 584篇 |
2003年 | 546篇 |
2002年 | 522篇 |
2001年 | 185篇 |
2000年 | 174篇 |
1999年 | 197篇 |
1998年 | 202篇 |
1997年 | 126篇 |
1996年 | 120篇 |
1995年 | 117篇 |
1994年 | 126篇 |
1993年 | 108篇 |
1992年 | 127篇 |
1991年 | 123篇 |
1990年 | 144篇 |
1989年 | 110篇 |
1988年 | 138篇 |
1987年 | 140篇 |
1986年 | 99篇 |
1985年 | 137篇 |
1984年 | 115篇 |
1983年 | 115篇 |
1982年 | 98篇 |
1981年 | 101篇 |
1980年 | 100篇 |
1979年 | 107篇 |
1978年 | 95篇 |
1977年 | 92篇 |
1976年 | 99篇 |
1974年 | 85篇 |
1973年 | 108篇 |
1970年 | 80篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
111.
Summary Leaf disc transformation-regeneration technique was applied to the drought tolerant wild relative of cultivated tomato,Lycopersicon chilense, using a plasmid construct which contained the coding sequences of neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII) and chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) genes. The two genotypes used, LA2747 and LA1930, showed a distinct difference in their aptitude to transformation; a higher success rate was obtained for the first genotype in every stage of the process. Shoots were formed on the regeneration medium containing 100 g/ml kanamycin through direct or indirect organogenesis. Root formation became only possible when the concentration of kanamycin was reduced to 50 g/ml. Expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene was observed in all of the kanamycin-screened plants after they matured; the activity of the gene was absent or low in some of the young plants. The presence of the CAT gene in transgenic plants was further confirmed by Southern blot analysis. Although transgenic plants grew to maturity, they did not produce fruit, owing to the self incompatibility ofL. chilense.
Abbreviations BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- CAT
chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- IAA
indole-3-acetic acid
- LB
Luria Broth
- EDTA
ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid 相似文献
112.
Medicago truncatula (barrel medic) is an annual legume of agricultural and biological interest. In this report regeneration from isolated mesophyll protoplasts is described. A specifically developed, highly regenerable seed line is essential for regeneration. Other critical requirements for regeneration are the starting plant material, the use of agarose droplets incubated in a shallow layer of liquid medium, and protoplast density. Plants are grown in controlled environment conditions. Protoplasts are purified using a Percoll-based flotation procedure, then embedded in 100 l agarose droplets containing a basal medium plus 25 M NAA and 4 M BAP (the same medium as in the surrounding shallow liquid layer) to induce protoplast division. A protoplast density of 6–8×105 ml–1 is required for maximum colony formation. M. truncatula plants previously transformed for kanamycin resistance yielded embryogenic callus and also regenerated plants. Protoplasts from other annual Medicago (M.intertexta and M.scutellata) species readily form calli by the procedure we have described.Abbreviations BAP
6-benzylaminopurine
- 2,4-D
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
- NAA
1-naphthaleneacetic acid 相似文献
113.
Lectin binding defines and differentiates M-cells in mouse small intestine and caecum 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
M-cell surface glycoconjugate expression was investigated by applying a panel of lectins to whole fixed mouse Peyer's and caecal patches. While the majority of lectins failed to identify mouse M-cells, the lectinEuonymus europaeus differentially stained the surface of M-cells in both mouse Peyer's and caecal patches, and the lectinsUlex europaeus II andBandeiraea simplicifolia I isolectin B4 identified M-cells in the Peyer's and caecal patch follicle associated epithelium, respectively. These three mouse M-cell markers failed to identify rat and rabbit Peyer's patch M-cells, although bothEuonymus europaeus andUlex europaeus II differentially stained M-cells in the periphery of rabbit caecal patch domes. These site and species related variations in M-cell surface glycoconjugate expression may reflect the local microorganism populations and will have important implications if orally delivered vaccines and drugs are to be targeted to M-cells via their surface glycoconjugates. 相似文献
114.
Lectin recognition of host-like saccharide motifs in streptococcal cell wall polysaccharides 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Cisar John O.; Sandberg Ann L.; Abeygunawardana Chitrananda; Reddy G.Prabhakar; Bush C.Allen 《Glycobiology》1995,5(7):655-662
Viridans streptococci that participate in the microbial colonizationof teeth have cell wall polysaccharides composed of linear phosphodiester-linkedhexa- or heptasaccharide repeating units, each containing ahost-like disaccharide motif, either Galß1 相似文献
115.
Soft rot Erwinia bacteria in surface and underground waters in southern Scotland and in Colorado, United States 总被引:7,自引:6,他引:1
Nancy J. McCarter-Zorner G.D. Franc M.D. Harrison Janet E. Michaud C.E. Quinn I. Ann Sells D.C. Graham 《Journal of applied microbiology》1984,57(1):95-105
An anaerobic liquid enrichment method followed by plating on a selective medium revealed that the soft rot coliform bacterium Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora was generally present in water from drains, ditches, streams, rivers and lakes (including reservoirs) in southern Scotland and in Colorado, United States, in mountainous, upland and arable areas through the year. Many sites were remote from susceptible or diseased crops. Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica was isolated much less frequently and no Erwinia bacteria were isolated from underground waters. Erwinia bacteria were also found in rain-water in Scotland, in winter snow from mountain passes in Colorado, and in sea water from the west and east coasts of Scotland and from the coasts of Oregon, California, Texas, Louisiana and Florida. The significance of the occurrence of these bacteria in water is discussed in relation to the control of blackleg and soft rot diseases of potato by production of Erwinia -free stocks. 相似文献
116.
Immunization against influenza in humans using an oral enteric-coated killed virus vaccine 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
V Lazzell R H Waldman C Rose R Khakoo A Jacknowitz S Howard 《Journal of biological standardization》1984,12(3):315-321
By ingestion of subunit-killed influenza virus vaccine in the form of enteric-coated capsules, local synthesis of secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody was stimulated in human nasal secretions. A fairly equal antibody response initiated by oral and intramuscular administration was demonstrated in the nasal secretions, although a systemic immune response was not elicited from ingestion of the vaccine. If the secretory antibody response resulted from absorption of antigen and transport to the respiratory mucosa, systemic (serum) antibody would be expected. Therefore these findings support the hypothesis that specialized collections of lymphoid cells in the small intestines have IgA precursor cells which circulate and populate distant mucosal sites. A number of studies have suggested that protection against mucosal infection by a variety of respiratory viruses correlates better with the presence and level of sIgA antibody than with serum antibody. The orally administered vaccine was associated with no more side effects than placebo, in contradistinction to the intramuscular route. Thus, the oral method of influenza vaccination could prove to be superior in providing for immunological protection due to equal secretory antibody stimulation, improved convenience and less toxicity. 相似文献
117.
A thymocyte-specific alloantigen, designated AT (avian thymus) –1.1, has been detected in Cornell C strain (CS) and Obese strain (OS) chickens, the latter being a strain derived from CS which develops a spontaneous form of autoimmune thyroiditis (SAT). Antisera specific for this antigen were developed first in a turkey immunized with thymocytes from an OS chicken and, later, in AT-1.1-negative CS chickens immunized with AT-1.1-positive thymocytes. AT-1.1 was detected in 50–70% of cells in a thymus cell suspension, but was not seen on peripheral blood lymphocytes, erythrocytes, or cells from bursa, spleen, kidney, liver, or brain. It was present on thymocytes of chickens at all ages tested, from 1 day to 6 months of age. AT-1.1 was not detected in six chicken lymphoid tumor cell lines tested, and birds expressing it were found to be negative for the presence of Marek's disease viral antigens. Pedigree studies on 287 (OS × CS)F2 chickens demonstrated that AT-1.1 is expressed in a dominant or codominant manner, and the gene coding for this antigen was not linked to the B (major histocompatibility) complex. The genetics and tissue distributions of AT-1.1 indicate that it differs from thymus cell surface antigens, avian or mammalian, previously described. 相似文献
118.
119.
Ann L. Gnagey David L. Denlinger 《Journal of comparative physiology. B, Biochemical, systemic, and environmental physiology》1984,154(1):91-96
Summary The last two days of embryonic development are crucial in programming pupal diapause in the flesh fly,Sarcophaga crassipalpis. Short daylength (greater than 10 1/2h of darkness) during this interval permits expression of diapause while long daylength during this brief sensitive stage eliminates the potential for diapause. Length of scotophase rather than photophase programs the diapause although three hours of light is needed to separate tandem dark periods. Early in the scotophase, photosensitivity is restricted to blue light (less than 540 nm). The scotophase can be divided into 4 phases according to the effect of light breaks on diapause expression. During Phase I (0–6 h after scotophase onset) embryos are highly sensitive to light interruption and diapause is effectively eliminated. A period of insensitivity to light, Phase II, extends from 6–hh after onset of scotophase. Light breaks at 10–11h coincide with the critical scotophase length and result in a partial reduction of diapause. In Phase IV, the scotophase reaction is complete and diapause competence is preserved even in the presence of light. Although light breaks result in elimination of diapause throughout Phase I, recovery time from a 1 h light break (length of darkness needed to counter the effect of a light break) differs dramatically depending upon when the light break is presented. Early in Phase I (0–3h) recovery from light interruption is rapid, while late in Phase I (4–6h), the effects of light are not readily reversible. The scotophase reaction thus appears to follow a step-wise progression rather than represent a simple linear response. We present a molecular model that could account for the dynamics of the scotophase reaction. 相似文献
120.
Mice of the PL/J strain exhibit a high percentage of morphologically abnormal sperm and provide a model for studying the function of abnormal sperm. The ability of such sperm to reach the site of fertilization within the female reproductive tract has been investigated. We have found a decrease in the percentage of structurally abnormal sperm within the population that reaches the oviduct. This observation suggests either that there is an active selection against abnormal sperm or that they are physiologically disadvantaged in reaching the site of fertilization. 相似文献