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41.
Summary Brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were prepared from the gills of the marine mussel,Mytilus edulis. These membranes contained two distinct pathways for cotransport of Na+ and -neutral amino acids. The major pathway in mussel gill BBMV was the alanine-lysine (AK) pathway, which had a high affinity for alanine and for the cationic amino acid, lysine. The AK pathway was inhibited by nonpolar -neutral amino acids and cationic amino acids, but was not affected by -neutral amino acids or imino acids. The kinetics of lysine transport were consistent with a single saturable process, with aJ
max of 550 pmol/mg-min and aK
t
of 5 m. The AK pathway did not have a strict requirement for Na+, and concentrative transport of lysine was seen in the presence of inwardly directed gradients of Li+ and K+, as well as Na+. Harmaline inhibited the transport of lysine in solutions containing either Na+ or K+. The alanine-proline (AP) pathway transported both alanine and proline in mussel gill BBMV. The AP pathway was strongly inhibited by nonpolar -neutral amino acids, proline, and -(methylamino)isobutyric acid (Me-AIB). The kinetics of proline transport were described by a single saturable process, with aJ
max of 180 pmol/mg-min andK
t
of 4 m. In contrast to the AK pathway, the AP pathway appeared to have a strict requirement for Na+. Na+-activation experiments with lysine and proline revealed sigmoid kinetics, indicating that multiple Na+ ions are involved in the transport of these substrates. The transport of both lysine and proline was affected by membrane potential in a manner consistent with electrogenic transport. 相似文献
42.
Dr. María Cristina Maldonado Ana María Strasser de Saad Danley Callieri 《Current microbiology》1989,18(5):303-306
Several recent reports have described large numbers of monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with toxins A and B ofClostridium difficile; this suggests that the toxins share major epitopes. Our results show that monoclonal antibodies (MAb) against other antigens bind nonspecifically to both toxins. Therefore, we believe that the cross-reacting MAb bind by this manner and not by a true immune reaction. 相似文献
43.
IL-2 protects T lymphocytes from glucocorticoid-induced DNA fragmentation and cell death 总被引:11,自引:0,他引:11
In the IL-2-dependent T cell clone CTLL-2, dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid, induces a suicide program characterized by the early degradation of chromatin in oligonucleosome-length fragments which precedes the loss of cell viability by 2 to 4 h. These effects are most likely mediated through the interaction with a specific glucocorticoid receptor as suggested by the structure-activity relationship of the various steroids tested. Incubation of nuclei of glucocorticoid-untreated cells in the presence of calcium and magnesium ions induces the cleavage of DNA in the linker region between nucleosomes, suggesting that fragmentation of chromatin in intact cells by glucocorticoids may involve the activation of a preexisting endonuclease. Interestingly, the presence of a saturating dose of IL-2 during the treatment of CTLL-2 cells with glucocorticoids completely blocks the cell death program. 相似文献
44.
45.
Marcelo Hermes-Lima Ana Claudia Tessis Adalberto Vieyra 《Origins of life and evolution of the biosphere》1990,20(1):27-41
In this paper it is shown that the adsorption of 5-adenosine monophosphate (5-AMP) onto precipitated calcium phosphate exhibits a sigmoidal profile as revealed by isotherms at 45 °C. This result indicates a cooperative behavior in the adsorption of 5-AMP. The relationship between adsorption capacity and surface area of the sedimented matrix may be interpreted as an indication that there is a monolayer of the adsorbed nucleotide on the solid surface. The pH dependence of adsorption suggests that the negatively charged phosphoryl group of 5-AMP interacts with a positively charged site (possibly Ca2+) on the matrix surface. The adsorption of the nucleotide is markedly decreased at pH values above 8.0. The Dixon-like plot of the effect of pH suggests an inhibitory role of hydroxyl ions in the adsorption of 5-AMP. At pH 7.5, other anions such as pyrophosphate, tripolyphosphate and carbamyl phosphate also inhibit the adsorption of the nucleotide, probably by interacting with its adsorption site. We suggest that these phosphorylated molecules could have played a role in chemical evolution by modulating the amount of nucleotides adsorbed onto mineral surfaces. The significance of these phenomena in chemical evolution is discussed. 相似文献
46.
Ana M. Moura-da-Silva R. David G. Theakston Julian M. Cramptonl 《Journal of molecular evolution》1996,43(3):263-269
The evolution of the Metalloproteinase Disintegrin Cysteine-rich (MDC) gene family and that of the mammalian Matrix-degrading
Metalloproteinases (MMPs) are compared. The alignment of snake venom and mammalian MDC and MMP precursor sequences generated
a phylogenetic tree that grouped these proteins mainly according to their function. Based on this observation, a common ancestry
is suggested for mammalian and snake venom MDCs; it is also possible that gene duplication of the already-assembled domain
structure, followed by divergence of the copies, may have significantly contributed to the evolution of the functionally diverse
MDC proteins. The data also suggest that the structural resemblance of the zinc-binding motif of venom MDCs and MMPs may best
be explained by common ancestry and conservation of the proteolytic motifs during the divergence of the proteins rather than
through convergent evolution.
Correspondence to: J.M. Crampton 相似文献
47.
The adsorption of 5′-AMP onto precipitated calcium phosphate (CaPi) requires the presence of soluble calcium and this dependence
exhibits a Michaelian-like behavior. This result suggests that the formation of a complex between 5′-AMP and free Ca2+ (CaAMP) is a prelude to the adsorption of the nucleotide in the solid matrix. At concentrations one order of magnitude higher,
Mn2+ and Mg2+ can substitute for soluble Ca2+ in the adsorption of 5′-AMP onto solid CaPi. However, when added simultaneously with 5′-AMP to a heterogeneous mixture that
contains CaPi and soluble Ca2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+ inhibit the adsorption of 5′-AMP in a concentration-dependent manner. This suggests the formation of complexes that are much
less effective for 5′-AMP adsorption than the CaAMP complex. On the other hand, Mn2+ and Mg2+ cannot promote desorption of the nucleotide attached to the precipitate in the presence of soluble Ca2+ if they are added after adsorption has attained equilibrium. Although desorption of 5′-AMP can be obtained by a sequential
dilution of the soluble phase with buffer and no nucleotide in a process that obeys a Langmuir equation, the lack of effect
of Mn2+ or Mg2+ when adsorption has attained its maximal value suggests strong interactions between the CaAMP complex and the solid matrix
when adsorption equilibrium is reached. The divalent cations present in the matrix also participate with different selectivity
in the attachment of the CaAMP complex, indicating that a cation-exchange mechanism could have acted in the modulation of
adsorptive/desorptive processes involving biomonomers and phosphate surfaces in primitive aqueous environments.
Received: 11 December 1995 / Accepted: 5 April 1996 相似文献
48.
Abstract: The relationship between elevations in intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) by different mechanisms and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) gene expression was examined. Depolarization by an elevated K+ concentration triggered rapid and sustained increases in [Ca2+]i from a basal level of ~50 to 110–150 nM and three- to fourfold elevations in TH mRNA levels, requiring extracellular calcium but not inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3). On the other hand, bradykinin or thapsigargin, both of which induce release of intracellular calcium stores via IP3 or inhibition of Ca2+-ATPase, rapidly elevated [Ca2+]i to >200 nM and increased TH gene expression (three-to fivefold). Confocal imaging showed that the elevations in [Ca2+]i in each case occurred throughout the cyto- and nucleoplasm. The initial rise in [Ca2+]i due to either bradykinin or thapsigargin, which did not require extracellular calcium, was sufficient to initiate the events leading to increased TH expression. Consistent with this, the effects of bradykinin on TH expression were inhibited by 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid or 3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoic acid 8-(diethylamino)-octyl ester which chelates or inhibits the release of intracellular calcium, respectively. Bradykinin required a rise in [Ca2+]i for <10 min, as opposed to 10–30 min for depolarization to increase TH mRNA levels. These results demonstrate that although each of these treatments increased TH gene expression by raising [Ca2+]i, there are important differences among them in terms of the magnitude of elevated [Ca2+]i, requirements for extracellular calcium or release of intracellular calcium stores, and duration of elevated [Ca2+]i, indicating the involvement of different calcium signaling pathways leading to regulation of TH gene expression. 相似文献
49.
Osmoprotectants in Halomonas elongata: high-affinity betaine transport system and choline-betaine pathway. 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4 下载免费PDF全文
The osmoregulatory pathways of the moderately halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata DSM 3043 have been investigated. This strain grew optimally at 1.5 to 2 M NaCl in M63 glucose-defined medium. It required at least 0.5 M NaCl for growth, which is a higher concentration than that exhibited by the H. elongata type strain ATCC 33173. Externally provided betaine, choline, or choline-O-sulfate (but not proline, ectoine, or proline betaine) enhanced the growth of H. elongata on 3 M NaCl-glucose-M63 plates, demonstrating the utilization of these compounds as osmoprotectants. Moreover, betaine and choline stimulated the growth of H. elongata DSM 3043 over the entire range of salinity, although betaine was more effective than choline at salinities below and above the optimum. We found that H. elongata DSM 3043 has at least one high-affinity transport system for betaine (K(m) = 3.06 microM and Vmax = 9.96 nmol of betaine min(-1) mg of protein(-1)). Competition assays demonstrated that proline betaine and ectoine, but not proline, choline, or choline-O-sulfate, are also transported by the betaine permease. Finally, thin-layer chromatography and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance analysis showed that exogenous choline was taken up and transformed to betaine by H. elongata, demonstrating the existence of a choline-glycine betaine pathway in this moderately halophilic bacterium. 相似文献
50.
Márcia Camargo-De-Morais Marta De Freitas Angela G. De Mattos Nádia Schröder Ana C. Zilles Carla S. F. Lisboa Nice Arteni Armando Barlem Rejane Schierholt Guilherme Zwetsch Carlos A. B. Souza Regina Pessoa-Pureur Carlos A. Netto 《Neurochemical research》1996,21(5):595-602
Neurofilaments subunits (NF-H, NF-M, NF-L) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) were investigated in the hippocampus
of rats after distinct periods of reperfusion (1 to 15 days) following 20 min of transient global forebrain ischemia in the
rat. In vitro [14Ca]leucine incorporation was not altered until 48 h after the ischemic insult, however concentration of intermediate filament
subunits significantly decreased in this period. Three days after the insult, leucine incorporation significantly increased
while the concentration NF-H, NF-M, and NF-L were still diminished after 15 days of reperfusion. In vitro incorporation of32P into NF-M and NF-L suffered immediately after ischemia, but returned to control values after two days of reperfusion. GFAP
levels decreased immediately after ischemia but quickly recovered and significantly peaked from 7 to 10 days after the insult.
These results suggest that transient ischemia followed by reperfusion causes proteolysis of intermediate filaments in the
hippocampus, and that proteolysis could be facilitated by diminished phosphorylation levels of NF-M and NF-L. 相似文献