Generation of 19 STS markers that can be anchored at specific sites on human chromosome 21.

Sequence-tagged sites (STSs) are short stretches of DNA that can be specifically detected by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and can be used to construct long-range physical maps of chromosomal DNA. These STSs can be detected by PCR assays developed by reference to data obtained from the sequencing of restriction fragment length polymorphism-DNA markers for chromosome 21, which were derived from recombinant lamba-phage and plasmid clones made from DNA of a human-hamster hybrid cell line. In this report, we describe the generation of 19 new STSs that are specific for human chromosome 21.     

Assignment of genes encoding a unique cytokine (IL12) composed of two unrelated subunits to chromosomes 3 and 5.

IL12 (formerly NKSF or CLMF) is a unique cytokine composed of two unrelated disulfide-linked subunits. The larger 40-kDa subunit (p40) is a member of the cytokine receptor family, and the smaller 35-kDa subunit (p35) is related to IL6 and GCSF. The chromosomal localization of these two subunits was determined by PCR analysis of DNA from rodent-human hybrids. More refined mapping was obtained by PCR analysis of hybrids containing translocation chromosomes and for p40, by analysis of radiation hybrids. The subunits map to different chromosomes: p40 (IL12B) to 5q31-q33 and p35 (IL12A) to 3p12-3q13.2.     

Human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1) maps to chromosome 5p15.3 and displays a VNTR.

The human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene is localized to chromosome 5p15.3 by in situ hybridization and PCR amplification of rodent somatic cell hybrid DNA. Analysis of a 40-bp repeat in the 3' untranslated region of the message revealed variable numbers of the repeat ranging from 3 to 11 copies. These results will aid in the investigation of a role for this gene in genetic disorders of the dopaminergic system in humans.     

Recombinational analysis of a natural noncytopathic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate: role of the vif gene in HIV-1 infection kinetics and cytopathicity.

Two molecularly cloned coisolates of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) have been found to exhibit different phenotypes of viral expression, either rapid and cytopathic (N1T-A virus) or delayed and noncytopathic (N1T-E virus [X. Ma, K. Sakai, F. Sinangil, E. Golub, and D. J. Volsky, Virology 176:184-194, 1990]). To identify the viral genetic elements responsible for these phenotypes, we prepared reciprocal recombinants in different regions of N1T-A and N1T-E viral genomes. Infectivity experiments with the recombinant viruses revealed that the rapid/cytopathic (N1T-A-like) phenotype assorted cleanly with the V1f-coding region and Vif expression. The smallest HIV-1 DNA region that conferred the complete phenotypic switch was a 284-bp NdeI-StuI fragment within the vif open reading frame. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed a 35-bp deletion starting at nucleotide 218 in the N1T-E vif gene. A 23-kDa Vif protein was detected by immunoblotting using Vif-specific antiserum in extracts of cells infected with N1T-A but not N1T-E virus. No detectable vif protein was found in association with sedimented particles of either virus. Cotransfection of a eucaryotic vif expression plasmid with N1T-E DNA complemented the N1T-E defect; rapid/cytopathic infection similar to that in N1T-A-transfected cells was observed. We conclude that Vif controls the rate, and consequently the cytopathic outcome, of HIV-1 infection.     

Pseudorabies virus gIII and bovine herpesvirus 1 gIII share complementary functions.

The gIII glycoproteins of bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) and of pseudorabies virus (PRV) are structurally homologous. Both proteins also play preeminent roles in mediating virus attachment to permissive cells. To directly compare the functional relation between these glycoproteins, we constructed a recombinant BHV-1 in which the BHV-1 gIII coding sequence was replaced by the PRV gene homolog. The resultant recombinant virus efficiently expressed PRV gIII and then incorporated it into its envelope. The levels of PRV gIII expression and incorporation were equivalent to those achieved by the wild-type virus for BHV-1 gIII. The recombinant virus was fully susceptible to neutralization by anti-PRV gIII neutralizing antibody. In addition, the virus attachment and penetration functions, as well as the virus replication efficiency, which were lost by deleting the BHV-1 gIII gene, were restored by expressing the PRV gIII homolog in its place. These results demonstrated that PRV gIII and BHV-1 gIII share complementary functions.     

Activation of Plasma Membrane NADH Oxidase Activity by Products of Phospholipase A

An auxin-stimulated NADH oxidase activity (NADH oxidase I) of plasma membrane vesicles, highly purified by aqueous two-phase partition from soybean (Glycine max Merr.) hypocotyls was activated by lysophospholipids and fatty acids, both products of phospholipase A action. The activation of NADH oxidase activity occurred slowly, suggesting a mechanism whereby the lipids acted to stabilize the enzyme in a more active configuration. In contrast to activation by lipids, the activation by auxin was rapid. The average K_m of the NADH oxidase after activation by lipids was four- to fivefold less than the K_m before activation. The V_max was unchanged by activation. The increases occurred in the presence of detergent and thus were not a result of exposure of latent active sites. Also, the activation did not result from activation of a peroxidase or lipoxygenase. Fatty acid esters, where growth promoting effects have been reported, also activated the auxin-stimulated oxidase. However, the auxin stimulation of NADH oxidase I did not appear to be obligatorily mediated by phospholipase A, nor did inhibitors of phospholipase A₂ block the stimulation of the oxidase by auxins.