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591.
592.
Radha Prasanna Balasubramanian Ramakrishnan Kunal Ranjan Siddarthan Venkatachalam Amrita Kanchan Priyanka Solanki Dilip Monga Yashbir S. Shivay Sandhya Kranthi 《Journal of Phytopathology》2016,164(11-12):1030-1042
The suppressive effects of microbial inoculants on cotton seedling mortality were assessed in Rhizoctonia solani‐infested soil. Per cent mortality ranged from 16 to 32 (60–120 days after sowing, DAS) and significant differences were recorded at 120 DAS, especially after drenching with compost tea of Azotobacter sp. and Anabaena torulosa—Trichoderma viride‐biofilmed formulations. The activity of hydrolytic enzymes was reduced in diseased root tissues due to a majority of the microbially inoculated treatments, compared with healthy root tissues. Per cent changes in the amounts of glomalin‐related soil proteins (GRSPs) were 2 to 85% greater than those of the uninoculated experimental controls. These microbial inoculants altered the rhizosphere bacterial communities as evident from the Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) banding patterns and, also reduced the population of R. solani. While the copy numbers of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) gene of R. solani in the uninoculated (infested soil) were approximately 1.47 × 1011 per g soil, they were 1.34–1.42 × 105 per g soil after the application of A. torulosa, Anabaena laxa and A. torulosa–Bacillus sp. Increases in yield (ranging from 3 to 23%) due to various microbial inoculants relative to uninoculated controls illustrated their promise as plant growth‐promoting and disease‐suppressing agents. This study illustrates the modulation of rhizosphere ecology through microbial inoculants as a mechanism of disease suppression and sustaining plant growth. 相似文献
593.
Samuel P. Slowinski Levi T. Morran Raymond C. Parrish II Eric R. Cui Amrita Bhattacharya Curtis M. Lively Patrick C. Phillips 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2016,70(11):2632-2639
Given the cost of sex, outcrossing populations should be susceptible to invasion and replacement by self‐fertilization or parthenogenesis. However, biparental sex is common in nature, suggesting that cross‐fertilization has substantial short‐term benefits. The Red Queen hypothesis (RQH) suggests that coevolution with parasites can generate persistent selection favoring both recombination and outcrossing in host populations. We tested the prediction that coevolving parasites can constrain the spread of self‐fertilization relative to outcrossing. We introduced wild‐type Caenorhabditis elegans hermaphrodites, capable of both self‐fertilization, and outcrossing, into C. elegans populations that were fixed for a mutant allele conferring obligate outcrossing. Replicate C. elegans populations were exposed to the parasite Serratia marcescens for 33 generations under three treatments: a control (avirulent) parasite treatment, a fixed (nonevolving) parasite treatment, and a copassaged (potentially coevolving) parasite treatment. Self‐fertilization rapidly invaded C. elegans host populations in the control and the fixed‐parasite treatments, but remained rare throughout the entire experiment in the copassaged treatment. Further, the frequency of the wild‐type allele (which permits selfing) was strongly positively correlated with the frequency of self‐fertilization across host populations at the end of the experiment. Hence, consistent with the RQH, coevolving parasites can limit the spread of self‐fertilization in outcrossing populations. 相似文献
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