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91.
The content and distribution of the amino acid taurine in squamous epithelia were studied using high-performance liquid chromatography and immunohistochemical methods. Quantitative analysis demonstrated that taurine was highly concentrated in the epidermis (5.49 mumol/g fresh tissue in the hairless skin of the hind footpad of the rat), although the values in the isolated stratum corneum were extremely low (< 0.073 mumol/g in the horny layer of the same skin area). No other analysed amino acid (such as glutamate, glutamine, glycine or alanine) showed this specific pattern of distribution. The immunohistochemical study revealed that in the dog and rat epidermis, taurine was present in the keratinocytes of the granular and upper spinous layers. The basal layer, lower spinous layer and stratum corneum were immunonegative. A similar immunostaining pattern was found in the epithelia of the different organs studied: the mouth, tongue and oesophagus of the dog and rat, the rat forestomach and the rat corneal epithelium. Other cell types, such as sebaceous and muscle cells, were immunolabelled. The existence of a circulating pool of taurine in the epidermis (via taurine release from keratinocytes before they reach the horny layer and its uptake by nearby cells) and its possible roles in these cells are discussed. 相似文献
92.
Giusto NM Salvador GA Castagnet PI Pasquaré SJ Ilincheta de Boschero MG 《Neurochemical research》2002,27(11):1513-1523
In this review, changes in brain lipid composition and metabolism due to aging are outlined. The most striking changes in cerebral cortex and cerebellum lipid composition involve an increase in acidic phospholipid synthesis. The most important changes with respect to fatty acyl composition involve a decreased content in polyunsaturated fatty acids (20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, 22:6n-3) and an increased content in monounsaturated fatty acids (18:1n-9 and 20:1n-9), mainly in ethanolamine and serineglycerophospholipids. Changes in the activity of the enzymes modifying the phospholipid headgroup occur during aging. Serine incorporation into phosphatidylserine through base-exchange reactions and phosphatidylcholine synthesis through phosphatidylethanolamine methylation increases in the aged brain. Phosphatidate phosphohydrolase and phospholipase D activities are also altered in the aged brain thus producing changes in the lipid second messengers diacylglycerol and phosphatidic acid. 相似文献
93.
The role of the large intracellular loop of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) alpha7 subunit in the expression of functional channels was studied. For this purpose, systematic deletions and substitutions were made throughout the loop and the ability of the mutated alpha7 subunits to support expression of functional nAChRs at the Xenopus oocyte membrane was tested. Surface nAChR expression was abolished upon removal of sequences at two regions, a 29-amino acid segment close to the N-terminus of the loop (amino acids 297-325) and adjacent to the third transmembrane region and an 11-amino acid segment near the fourth transmembrane region. Some residues (amino acids 317-322) within the 29 amino acids N-terminal segment could be substituted by others but not deleted without loss of expression, suggesting that a certain structure, determined by the number of amino acids rather than by their identity, has to be maintained in this region. The contiguous sequence M323 K324 R325 did not tolerate deletions and substitutions. Removal of the rest of the cytoplasmic loop was not deleterious; even higher expression levels (2-4-fold) were obtained upon large deletions of the loop (Delta399-432 and Delta339-370). High expression levels were observed provided that a minimal sequence of three amino acids (E371, G372, and M373) was present. In addition, some electrophysiological properties of mutant nAChRs were modified. Substitution of the EGM sequence by other protein segments produced a variety of effects, but, in general, insertions were not well tolerated, suggesting the existence of tight structural restrictions in the large cytoplasmic region of the rat alpha7 subunit. 相似文献
94.
Valdez J Cedillo R Hernández-Campos A Yépez L Hernández-Luis F Navarrete-Vázquez G Tapia A Cortés R Hernández M Castillo R 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters》2002,12(16):2221-2224
Compounds 1-18 have been synthesized and tested in vitro against the protozoa Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica and the helminth Trichinella spiralis. Inhibition of rat brain tubulin polymerization was also measured and compared for each compound. Results indicate that most of the compounds tested were more active as antiprotozoal agents than Metronidazole and Albendazole. None of the compounds was as active as Albendazole against T. spiralis. Although only compounds 3, 9 and 15 (2-methoxycarbonylamino derivatives) inhibited tubulin polymerization, these were not the most potent antiparasitic compounds. 相似文献
95.
Presenilin couples the paired phosphorylation of beta-catenin independent of axin: implications for beta-catenin activation in tumorigenesis 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
The Alzheimer's disease-linked gene presenilin 1 (PS1) is required for intramembrane proteolysis of APP and Notch. In addition, recent observations strongly implicate PS1 as a negative regulator of the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, although the mechanism underlying this activity is unknown. Here, we show that presenilin functions as a scaffold that rapidly couples beta-catenin phosphorylation through two sequential kinase activities independent of the Wnt-regulated Axin/CK1alpha complex. Thus, presenilin deficiency results in increased beta-catenin stability in vitro and in vivo by disconnecting the stepwise phosphorylation of beta-catenin, both in the presence and absence of Wnt stimulation. These findings highlight an aspect of beta-catenin regulation outside of the canonical Wnt-regulated pathway and a function of presenilin separate from intramembrane proteolysis. 相似文献
96.
A+T content, phylogenetic relationships, codon usage, evolutionary rates, and ratio of synonymous versus non-synonymous substitutions
have been studied in partial sequences of the atpD and aroQ/pheA genes of primary (Buchnera) and secondary symbionts of aphids and a set of selected non-symbiotic bacteria, belonging to the five subdivisions of the
Proteobacteria. Compared to the homologous genes of the last group, both genes belonging to Buchnera behave in a similar way, showing a higher A+T content, forming a monophyletic group, a loss in codon bias, especially in
third base position, an evolutionary acceleration and an increase in the number of non-synonymous substitutions, confirming
previous results reported elsewhere for other genes. When available, these properties have been partly observed with the secondary
symbionts, but with values that are intermediate between Buchnera and free living Proteobacteria. They show high A+T content, but not as high as Buchnera, a non-solved phylogenetic position between Buchnera, and the other γ-Proteobacteria, a loss in codon bias, again not as high as in Buchnera and a significant evolutionary acceleration in the case of the three atpD genes, but not when considering aroQ/pheA genes. These results give support to the hypothesis that they are symbionts at different stages of the symbiotic accommodation
to the host. 相似文献
97.
The taxonomic affinities of the Eppelsheim femur, known as Paidopithex, have been unclear for more than a century. Over the years, due to similarities with Pliopithecus, some authors have considered it a large pliopithecid, while others refer to it as Dryopithecus. The issue could not be resolved, because no definitive Dryopithecus femora were available. With the discovery of the Dryopithecus laietanus skeleton from Can Llobateres (CLl 18800), it has become possible to test the attribution of the Eppelsheim femur to Dryopithecus on the basis of direct morphological and metrical comparisons. By means of allometric techniques, we show that the Eppelsheim and D. laietanus femora fit different hindlimb morphologies with regard to relative length and relative head/neck size, with Paidopithex significantly differing from Dryopithecus, but more closely resembling Pliopithecus. Paidopithex also differs from Dryopithecus in other important aspects, such as its lower neck/shaft angle, lack of elevation of the femoral head above the greater trochanter, more posteriorly oriented lesser trochanter, and proximal shaft diameter thicker anteroposteriorly than mediolaterally. In these features, Paidopithex most closely resembles Pliopithecus in spite of differences in body mass (ca. 22 kg vs. ca. 10 kg, respectively). These features suggest that Paidopithex used a primitive locomotor pattern associated with arboreal quadrupedalism, instead of the more derived pattern displayed by Dryopithecus. Currently available evidence confirms that the attribution of Paidopithex to Dryopithecus can be rejected. Paidopithex could be a large and otherwise unknown pliopithecid, but the possibility cannot be ruled out that it represents a third kind of catarrhine. 相似文献
98.
Expression of the AMBP gene transcript and its two protein products,alpha(1)-microglobulin and bikunin,in mouse embryogenesis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sánchez D Martínez S Lindqvist A Akerström B Falkenberg C 《Mechanisms of development》2002,117(1-2):293-298
The expression pattern of the alpha(1)-microglobulin/bikunin precursor (AMBP) gene, and its two protein products were studied in mouse embryos of 8.5-15.5 days of embryonic development by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. AMBP mRNA is strongly transcribed in liver parenchyma, pancreas, and intestine epithelium. Sites of weaker expression are the vessels of the umbilical cord, the developing vertebral bodies, and kidney. The alpha(1)-microglobulin and bikunin proteins are accordingly present in developing hepatocytes, pancreas, kidney, and gut. However, additional sites of protein distribution were found that do not correlate to mRNA localization: alpha(1)-microglobulin was found in myocytes and bikunin in cardiac muscle, nervous system microvasculature, and connective tissue. Both proteins were found in brain mesenchyme and meninges. Thus, a restricted expression of the AMBP mRNA in a few organs contrasts to a widespread and unique distribution of each of the two proteins. 相似文献
99.
100.
Guillem VM Tormo M Revert F Benet I García-Conde J Crespo A Aliño SF 《The journal of gene medicine》2002,4(2):170-182