QTL sequencing strategy to map genomic regions associated with resistance to ascochyta blight in chickpea

Whole‐genome sequencing‐based bulked segregant analysis (BSA) for mapping quantitative trait loci (QTL) provides an efficient alternative approach to conventional QTL analysis as it significantly reduces the scale and cost of analysis with comparable power to QTL detection using full mapping population. We tested the application of next‐generation sequencing (NGS)‐based BSA approach for mapping QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance in chickpea using two recombinant inbred line populations CPR‐01 and CPR‐02. Eleven QTLs in CPR‐01 and six QTLs in CPR‐02 populations were mapped on chromosomes Ca1, Ca2, Ca4, Ca6 and Ca7. The QTLs identified in CPR‐01 using conventional biparental mapping approach were used to compare the efficiency of NGS‐based BSA in detecting QTLs for ascochyta blight resistance. The QTLs on chromosomes Ca1, Ca4, Ca6 and Ca7 overlapped with the QTLs previously detected in CPR‐01 using conventional QTL mapping method. The QTLs on chromosome Ca4 were detected in both populations and overlapped with the previously reported QTLs indicating conserved region for ascochyta blight resistance across different chickpea genotypes. Six candidate genes in the QTL regions identified using NGS‐based BSA on chromosomes Ca2 and Ca4 were validated for their association with ascochyta blight resistance in the CPR‐02 population. This study demonstrated the efficiency of NGS‐based BSA as a rapid and cost‐effective method to identify QTLs associated with ascochyta blight in chickpea.     

Anti-cholinesterase hybrids as multi-target-directed ligands against Alzheimer’s disease (1998–2018)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a genetically complex, progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder of the brain which involves multiple associated etiological targets. The complex pathogenesis of AD gave rise to multi-target-directed ligands (MTDLs) principle to combat this dreaded disease. Within this approach, the design and synthesis of hybrids prevailed greatly because of their capability to simultaneously target the intertwined pathogenesis components of the disease. The hybrids include pharmacophoric hybridization of two or more established chemical scaffolds endowed with the desired pharmacological properties into a single moiety. In AD, the primary foundation of medication therapy and drug design strategies includes the inhibition of cholinesterase (ChE) enzymes. Hence the development of ChE inhibition based hybrids is the central choice of AD medicinal chemistry research. To illustrate the progress of ChE inhibition based hybrids and novel targets, we reviewed the medicinal chemistry and pharmacological properties of the multi-target molecules published since 1998-December 2018. We hope that this article will allow the readers to easily follow the evolution of this prominent medicinal chemistry approach to develop a more efficient inhibitor.     

A life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) of oxymethylene ether as a diesel additive produced from forest biomass

The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment - Due to efforts to reduce dependence on limited fossil energy reserves and increasing GHG emissions related to fossil fuel extraction and use in...     

Probiotics L. acidophilus and B. clausii Modulate Gut Microbiota in Th1- and Th2-Biased Mice to Ameliorate Salmonella Typhimurium-Induced Diarrhea

Gut microbiota play important role in maintaining health. Probiotics are believed to augment it further. We aimed at comparing effects of probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Bacillus clausii (BC) (a) on the gut microbiota abundance and diversity and (b) their contributions to control intestinal dysbiosis and inflammation in Th1- and Th2-biased mice following Salmonella infection. We report how could gut microbiota and the differential immune bias (Th1 or Th2) of the host regulate host responses when challenged with Salmonella typhimurium in the presence and absence of either of the probiotics. LA was found to be effective in ameliorating the microbial dysbiosis and inflammation caused by Salmonella infection, in Th1 (C57BL/6) and Th2 (BALB/c)-biased mouse. BC was able to ameliorate Salmonella-induced dysbiosis and inflammation in Th2 but not in Th1-biased mouse. These results may support probiotics LA as a treatment option in the case of Salmonella infection.

     

Metabolic coupling in the co-cultured fungal-yeast suite of Trametes ljubarskyi and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa leads to hypersecretion of laccase isozymes

Trametes ljubarskyi produces multiple laccase isozymes under various physicochemical conditions. During co-cultivation condition Rhodotorula mucilaginosa showed inter-specific interactions with T. ljubarskyi and hypersecretion of laccases; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is less-known. The analysis of proteomics data of co-cultivated cultures revealed the mechanism of metabolic coupling during fungal-yeast interactions. The results suggested high score GO terms related to stimulus-response, protein binding, membrane components, transport channels, oxidoreductases, and antioxidants. The SEM studies confirmed the cellular communication and their inter-specific interactions. This study allows us to deepen and refine our understanding of fungal-yeast symbiotic interaction; further, it also establishes a mutual relation by metabolic coupling for 10-fold higher laccase isozyme secretion (6532 U/ml). The purified laccase isozymes showed acidic pH optima (pH 3–4), higher thermo-stability (60 °C), and broad enzyme kinetics (K_m) values. Our study also provides an in-depth understanding of laccase isozymes and their potential to degrade synthetic dyes, which may help the fungi to survive in an adverse environment.     

Extracting kinetics from single-molecule force spectroscopy: nanopore unzipping of DNA hairpins

Single-molecule force experiments provide powerful new tools to explore biomolecular interactions. Here, we describe a systematic procedure for extracting kinetic information from force-spectroscopy experiments, and apply it to nanopore unzipping of individual DNA hairpins. Two types of measurements are considered: unzipping at constant voltage, and unzipping at constant voltage-ramp speeds. We perform a global maximum-likelihood analysis of the experimental data at low-to-intermediate ramp speeds. To validate the theoretical models, we compare their predictions with two independent sets of data, collected at high ramp speeds and at constant voltage, by using a quantitative relation between the two types of measurements. Microscopic approaches based on Kramers theory of diffusive barrier crossing allow us to estimate not only intrinsic rates and transition state locations, as in the widely used phenomenological approach based on Bell's formula, but also free energies of activation. The problem of extracting unique and accurate kinetic parameters of a molecular transition is discussed in light of the apparent success of the microscopic theories in reproducing the experimental data.     

Directed evolution of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger for ferrocenemethanol-mediated electron transfer

A directed evolution protocol was developed for glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger that mimics applications conditions and employs a well-known mediator, oxidized ferrocenemethanol, in a medium throughput screen (96-well plate format). Upon reduction, oxidized ferrocenemethanol shows a color change from blue to pale yellow that can be recorded at 625 nm. Under optimized screening conditions, a CV of less than 20% was achieved in 96-well microtiter plates. For validating the screening system, two mutant libraries of GOx were generated by standard error-prone PCR conditions (0.04 mM MnCl(2)) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed as host for secreted GOx expression. Two screening of approximately 2000 GOx mutants yielded a double mutant (T30S I94V) with improved pH and thermal resistance. Thermal resistance at a residual activity of 50% was increased from 58 degrees C (wild type, WT) to 62 degrees C (T30S I94V) and pH stability was improved at basic pH (pH 8-11). K(m) for glucose remained nearly unchanged (20.8 mM WT; 21.3 mM T30S I94V) and k(cat) increased (69.5/s WT; 137.7/s T30S I94V).     

Anthropometry and body composition in soccer and volleyball players in West Bengal, India

50 sedentary males and 128 sports persons (volleyball=82, soccer=46) of 20-24 years were selected from West Bengal, India, to evaluate and compare their anthropometry and body composition. Skinfolds, girth measurements, body fat percentage (%fat), and endomorphy were significantly higher among sedentary individuals, but lean body mass (LBM) and mesomorphy were significantly (p<0.001) higher among the sports persons. Soccer and volleyball players were found to be ectomorphic mesomorph, whereas sedentary subjects were endomorphic mesomorph. The soccer and volleyball players had higher %fat with lower body height and body mass than their overseas counterparts. %fat exhibited a significant correlation with body mass index (BMI) and thus prediction equations for %fat from BMI were computed in each group. The present data will serve as a reference standard for the anthropometry and body composition of Indian soccer and volleyball players and the prediction norms for %fat will help to provide a first-hand impression of body composition in the studied population.