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21.
CHLOROPLASTS are more permeable to amino-acids1,2 than are cell membranes3 and also discriminate between their optical isomers2. This has led to the suggestion that the passage of amino-acids through the limiting membranes of chloroplasts is facilitated by carriers2. Using the additional criteria of saturation and competition, we support this suggestion and show that at least two carriers are probably involved. 相似文献
22.
The probability that protected areas will deliver their potential for maintaining or enhancing biodiversity is likely to be
maximised if they are appropriately and effectively managed. As a result, governments and conservation agencies are devoting
much attention to the management of protected areas. In the U.K., the demand for performance accountability has resulted in
Public Service Agreements (PSA) that set out targets for government departments to deliver results in return for investments
being made. One such target for England is to ensure that all nationally important wildlife sites are in favourable condition
by 2010. Here, we tested the hypothesis, of potential strategic importance, that the ecological condition of these sites is
predictable from relationships with a range of physical, environmental and demographic variables. We used binary logistic
regression to investigate these relationships, using the results of English Nature’s 1997–2003 condition assessment exercise.
Generally, sites in unfavourable condition tend to be larger in area, located at higher elevations, but with higher human
population density and are more spatially isolated from units of the same habitat. However, despite the range of different
parameters included in our models, the extent to which the condition of any given site could be predicted was low. Our results
have implications for the delivery of PSA targets, funding allocation, and the location of new protected areas. 相似文献
23.
Maria João Feio Trefor B. Reynoldson Verónica Ferreira Manuel Augusto S. Graça 《Hydrobiologia》2007,579(1):55-68
We sampled macroinvertebrates at 75 locations in the Mondego river catchment, Central Portugal, and developed a predictive
model for water quality assessment of this basin, based on the Reference Condition Approach. Sampling was done from June to
September 2001. Fifty-five sites were identified as “Reference sites” and 20 sites were used as “Test sites” to test the model.
At each site we also measured 40 habitat variables to characterize water physics and chemistry, habitat type, land use, stream
hydrology and geographic location. Macroinvertebrates were generally identified to species or genus level; a total of 207
taxa were found. By Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean (UPGMA) clustering and analysis of species contribution
to similarities percentage (SIMPER), two groups of reference sites were established. Using Discriminant Analysis (stepwise
forward), four variables correctly predicted 78% of the reference sites to the appropriate group: stream order, pool quality,
substrate quality and current velocity. Test sites’ environmental quality was established from their relative distance to
reference sites, in MDS ordination space, using a series of bands (BEAST methodology). The model performed well at upstream
sites, but at downstream sites it was compromised by the lack of reference sites. As with the English RIVPACS predictive model,
the Mondego model should be continually improved with the addition of new reference sites. The adaptation of the Mondego model
methodology to the Water Framework Directive is possible and would consist mainly of the integration of the WFD typology and
increasing the number of ellipses that define quality bands.
Handling editor: K. Martens 相似文献
24.
Charles L. Nunn Peter H. Thrall Kelly Stewart Alexander H. Harcourt 《Evolutionary ecology》2008,22(4):519-543
Emerging infectious diseases threaten a wide diversity of animals, and important questions remain concerning disease emergence
in socially structured populations. We developed a spatially explicit simulation model to investigate whether—and under what
conditions—disease-related mortality can impact rates of pathogen spread in populations of polygynous groups. Specifically,
we investigated whether pathogen-mediated dispersal (PMD) can occur when females disperse after the resident male dies from
disease, thus carrying infections to new groups. We also examined the effects of incubation period and virulence, host mortality
and rates of background dispersal, and we used the model to investigate the spread of the virus responsible for Ebola hemorrhagic
fever, which currently is devastating African ape populations. Output was analyzed using regression trees, which enable exploration
of hierarchical and non-linear relationships. Analyses revealed that the incidence of disease in single-male (polygynous)
groups was significantly greater for those groups containing an average of more than six females, while the total number of
infected hosts in the population was most sensitive to the number of females per group. Thus, as expected, PMD occurs in polygynous
groups and its effects increase as harem size (the number of females) increases. Simulation output further indicated that
population-level effects of Ebola are likely to differ among multi-male–multi-female chimpanzees and polygynous gorillas,
with larger overall numbers of chimpanzees infected, but more gorilla groups becoming infected due to increased dispersal
when the resident male dies. Collectively, our results highlight the importance of social system on the spread of disease
in wild mammals. 相似文献
25.
26.
27.
Indomethacin inhibition of ovulation in the cow 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Indomethacin or saline was administered via intramuscular, intrauterine or intraovarian routes to dairy cows, within 24 h after standing oestrus was first observed. The incidence of ovulation was determined at slaughter. All of the saline-treated cows (18/18) ovulated. Ovulation was not blocked after intramuscular injection (0/6) or intrauterine infusion (0/6) of indomethacin. In all cows, ovulation was blocked after intraovarian injection (6/6) of indomethacin. These findings add support to the hypothesis that prostaglandins play an essential role in ovulation in the cow as in many other mammalian species. 相似文献
28.
29.
J De Coninck I Verdier-Denantes F Duyme S Bouquelet V Dumortier 《Journal of industrial microbiology & biotechnology》2000,25(1):58-61
Oxygen concentrations stimulated growth (maximum number of cells) and protease secretion by Tetrahymena thermophila. Agitation and aeration conditions for growth and protease secretion were optimised by a central composite design. The best
optimised combination was a stirrer speed of 338 rpm and an aeration of 1 vvm. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (2000) 25, 58–61.
Received 24 September 1999/ Accepted in revised form 06 March 2000 相似文献
30.
The cost of mutualism in a fly-fungus interaction 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The movement ability of individuals has become increasingly important to a variety of ecological questions. In this study,
I investigate how plant structure and changes in body size through development affect the movement ability of a predaceous
stinkbug, Podisus maculiventris, on three species of goldenrod (Solidago spp.) representing a wide range of surface complexities. I adapt existing techniques for quantifying movement in two dimensions
to the study of movement on natural plant structures in three dimensions. These experiments indicate that plant structure
and insect size are significant factors affecting the movement ability of P. maculiventris. Changes in movement ability due to factors of ontogeny and different habitat structures suggest that the scale of an individual’s
ambit or ecological sphere of influence may vary within its lifespan. Considering the influence of ontogeny and habitat structure
on movement ability may be useful to investigations of population dynamics, foraging behavior, and pest management.
Received: 14 July 1999 / Accepted: 23 March 2000 相似文献