Selenium deficiency and hypothyroidism

Three female children presented with different clinical symptoms that could be related to impaired thyroid function. They underwent an accurate pediatric-endocrinologic diagnosis. Laboratory tests revealed no pathological findings, except latent hypothyroidism and selenium deficiency. Hypothyroidism was diagnosed by elevated basal TSH and by a pathological iv-TRH-stimulation test. After treating the children with sodium selenite orally for 4 wk, their metabolism had returned to normal and we saw a marked improvement of all clinical symptoms. For the first time, we have been able to describe hypothyroidism caused exclusively by selenium deficiency, the pathophysiology of which may be expressed as a malfunction of human 5′-deiodinases.     

Valveless pumping behavior of the simulated embryonic heart tube as a function of contractile patterns and myocardial stiffness

Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology - During development, the heart begins pumping as a valveless multilayered tube capable of driving blood flow throughout the embryonic vasculature. The...     

Tissue distribution of puerarin and its conjugated metabolites in rats assessed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Puerarin (an isoflavone C-glucoside from kudzu root) has been the focus of several studies investigating its potential effects on health benefits. In this study, we determined single dose tissue distribution of puerarin and its metabolites in order to examine whether they undergo selective uptake by specific organs. Puerarin was administered orally (50 mg/kg) to rats and the concentration of puerarin in tissue compartments was determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Puerarin was widely distributed in rat tissues with highest concentrations in lungs (799±411.6 ng/g wet tissues). In addition, we examined the excretion of puerarin into the bile. LC–MS/MS analysis of bile samples collected after infusing puerarin directly into the portal vein indicated that puerarin was excreted into the bile predominantly in the form of unconjugated puerarin. This report identifying puerarin in several organs including kidney and pancreas may explain its beneficial effects in diabetes.     

Gene delivery in adherent and suspension cells using the combined physical methods

Cytotechnology - Physical methods are widely utilized to deliver nucleic acids into cells such as electro-transfection or heat shock. An efficient gene electro-transfection requires the best...     

Current progress in cancer immunotherapy based on natural killer cells

One of the most common diseases in the present era is cancer. The common treatment methods used to control cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Despite progress in the treatment of cancers, there still is no definite therapeutic approach. Among the currently proposed strategies, immunotherapy is a new approach that can provide better outcomes compared with existing therapies. Employing natural killer (NK) cells is one of the means of immunotherapy. As innate lymphocytes, NK cells are capable of rapidly responding to cancer cells without being sensitized or restricted to the cognate antigen in advance, as compared to T cells that are tumor antigen-specific. Latest insights into the biology of NK cells have clarified the underlying molecular mechanisms of NK cell maturation and differentiation, as well as controlling their effector functions through the investigation of the ligands and receptors engaged in recognizing cancer cells by NK cells. Elucidating the fact that NK cells recognize cancer cells could similarly show the mechanism through which cancer cells possibly avoid NK cell-dependent immune surveillance. Additionally, the expectations for novel immunotherapies by targeting NK cells have increased through the latest clinical outcomes of T–cell-targeted cancer immunotherapy. For this emerging method, researchers are still attempting to develop protocols for conferring the best proliferation and expansion medium, activation pathways, utilization dosage, transferring methods, as well as reducing possible side effects in cancer therapy. This study reviews the NK cells, their proliferation and expansion methods, and their recent applications in cancer immunotherapy.     

Treatment of Lime Witches’ Broom Phytoplasma-Infected Mexican Lime with a Resistance Inducer and Study of its Effect on Systemic Resistance

Journal of Plant Growth Regulation - Destruction caused by plant diseases is terrible. Mexican lime witches' broom (MLWB) is a phytoplasma disease, which has caused considerable damage...     

IL-35, a double-edged sword in cancer

Interleukin 35 (IL-35), a cytokine mainly produced by regulatory T cells (Treg cells), is composed of an Epstein-Barr virus–induced gene 3 β-chain and an IL-12 p35 α-chain. IL-35 causes tumorigenicity in cancer, protects cancer cells against apoptosis, and facilitates cancer progression. However, a few reports have referred to its contradictory roles in cancer prevention. Therefore, the exact purpose of this cytokine in cancer development has become a fundamental question that needs to be answered. In this review, we explain the structure of IL-35 and its receptors and their different signaling pathways. Finally, the function of IL-35 in some cancers and the possible application of this cytokine in approaches for cancer therapy have been discussed.     

Modified AHP-based decision-making model toward accurate selection of eligible maintenance media for production of <Emphasis Type="Italic">taxanes</Emphasis> in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Taxus baccata</Emphasis> callus culture

Attempts were made here to apply a modified analytic hierarchy process (AHP) approach based on refinement assay of dominated alternatives in monitoring the most reliable callus maintenance media (supplemented with l-glutamine and Casamino acid) of Taxus baccata callus cultures in terms of five criteria. Generally, regarding stem-derived calli, 6 out of 18 maintenance media were nominated as non-dominated alternatives, and following AHP ranking test Casamino acid-based media (i.e., A12, A15 and A19) were overall nominated as the premiere. Taking leaf-derived calli into account, only l-glutamine-based media in an ascending order of A8, A4, A6, A5, A9 and A3 were introduced as non-dominated alternatives. Such results connote that l-glutamine-based feeding appears to generate more significant results either for continuous calli growth or taxanes production. In contrast, regarding the second explant, stem, both amino acid supplies had fairly equal worth. Our findings, overall, demonstrate promising applications of the proposed AHP method regarding accurate selection of the best callus maintenance cultures of T. baccata for production of different taxanes including paclitaxel, Baccatin III and 10-deacetylbaccatin III. Similarly, this statistical approach could be also applicable for other crops, for instance, for accurate selection of the best callus cultures/media and consequently production improvement of a given plant secondary metabolite/product.