13.
Using two nuclear (
ITS1 and
Na+/K+ ATPase) and three mitochondrial (
COI,
16S and
12S) markers, we determined the genetic variation and evolutionary relationship of parthenogenetic and bisexual
Artemia. Our analyses revealed that mitochondrial genes had higher genetic variation than nuclear genes and that the
16S showed more variety than the other mitochondrial genes in parthenogenetic populations. Triploid parthenogens showed lower genetic variation than diploid ones, whereas the tetra‐ and pentaploids had greater genetic distance than diploid parthenogens. No shared haplotype was found between individuals of parthenogenetic populations and Asian bisexual species with the exception of
Na+/K+ ATPase (
Artemia tibetiana). Only mitochondrial markers can demonstrate phylogenetic relationships, and showed that the parthenogenetic
Artemia is a polyphyletic group in which the diploid lineages share a common ancestor with
Artemia urmiana while tetraploids are closely related to
Artemia sinica. The triploid and pentaploid linages are likely to be directly derived from diploid and tetraploid parthenogens, respectively. Subsequently, west Asia is origin for di‐/triploids, and tetra‐/pentaploids rose from East Asia.
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