全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2114篇 |
免费 | 121篇 |
国内免费 | 6篇 |
专业分类
2241篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 22篇 |
2022年 | 64篇 |
2021年 | 130篇 |
2020年 | 47篇 |
2019年 | 57篇 |
2018年 | 89篇 |
2017年 | 65篇 |
2016年 | 63篇 |
2015年 | 94篇 |
2014年 | 123篇 |
2013年 | 141篇 |
2012年 | 152篇 |
2011年 | 148篇 |
2010年 | 70篇 |
2009年 | 71篇 |
2008年 | 83篇 |
2007年 | 74篇 |
2006年 | 88篇 |
2005年 | 60篇 |
2004年 | 42篇 |
2003年 | 43篇 |
2002年 | 44篇 |
2001年 | 38篇 |
2000年 | 34篇 |
1999年 | 31篇 |
1998年 | 10篇 |
1997年 | 10篇 |
1994年 | 20篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 18篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 19篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1986年 | 19篇 |
1985年 | 24篇 |
1984年 | 12篇 |
1983年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 11篇 |
1981年 | 7篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 8篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1974年 | 10篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 8篇 |
1971年 | 10篇 |
1970年 | 10篇 |
排序方式: 共有2241条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
71.
P-type ATPase heavy metal transporters with roles in essential zinc homeostasis in Arabidopsis 总被引:20,自引:0,他引:20 下载免费PDF全文
Hussain D Haydon MJ Wang Y Wong E Sherson SM Young J Camakaris J Harper JF Cobbett CS 《The Plant cell》2004,16(5):1327-1339
Arabidopsis thaliana has eight genes encoding members of the type 1B heavy metal–transporting subfamily of the P-type ATPases. Three of these transporters, HMA2, HMA3, and HMA4, are closely related to each other and are most similar in sequence to the divalent heavy metal cation transporters of prokaryotes. To determine the function of these transporters in metal homeostasis, we have identified and characterized mutants affected in each. Whereas the individual mutants exhibited no apparent phenotype, hma2 hma4 double mutants had a nutritional deficiency phenotype that could be compensated for by increasing the level of Zn, but not Cu or Co, in the growth medium. Levels of Zn, but not other essential elements, in the shoot tissues of a hma2 hma4 double mutant and, to a lesser extent, of a hma4 single mutant were decreased compared with the wild type. Together, these observations indicate a primary role for HMA2 and HMA4 in essential Zn homeostasis. HMA2promoter- and HMA4promoter-reporter gene constructs provide evidence that HMA2 and HMA4 expression is predominantly in the vascular tissues of roots, stems, and leaves. In addition, expression of the genes in developing anthers was confirmed by RT-PCR and was consistent with a male-sterile phenotype in the double mutant. HMA2 appears to be localized to the plasma membrane, as indicated by protein gel blot analysis of membrane fractions using isoform-specific antibodies and by the visualization of an HMA2-green fluorescent protein fusion by confocal microscopy. These observations are consistent with a role for HMA2 and HMA4 in Zn translocation. hma2 and hma4 mutations both conferred increased sensitivity to Cd in a phytochelatin-deficient mutant background, suggesting that they may also influence Cd detoxification. 相似文献
72.
The evolution of the major histocompatibility complex in upstream versus downstream river populations of the longnose dace 下载免费PDF全文
Erika Crispo Haley R. Tunna Noreen Hussain Silvia S. Rodriguez Scott A. Pavey Leland J. Jackson Sean M. Rogers 《Ecology and evolution》2017,7(10):3297-3311
Populations in upstream versus downstream river locations can be exposed to vastly different environmental and ecological conditions and can thus harbor different genetic resources due to selection and neutral processes. An interesting question is how upstream–downstream directionality in rivers affects the evolution of immune response genes. We used next‐generation amplicon sequencing to identify eight alleles of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II β exon 2 in the cyprinid longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) from three rivers in Alberta, upstream and downstream of municipal and agricultural areas along contaminant gradients. We used these data to test for directional and balancing selection on the MHC. We also genotyped microsatellite loci to examine neutral population processes in this system. We found evidence for balancing selection on the MHC in the form of increased nonsynonymous variation relative to neutral expectations, and selection occurred at more amino acid residues upstream than downstream in two rivers. We found this pattern despite no population structure or isolation by distance, based on microsatellite data, at these sites. Overall, our results suggest that MHC evolution is driven by upstream–downstream directionality in fish inhabiting this system. 相似文献
73.
Chang TL Naqvi A Anand SP Kramer MG Munshi R Khan SA 《The Journal of biological chemistry》2002,277(48):45880-45886
Previous genetic studies have suggested that a putative chromosome-encoded helicase, PcrA, is required for the rolling circle replication of plasmid pT181 in Staphylococcus aureus. We have overexpressed and purified the staphylococcal PcrA protein and studied its biochemical properties in vitro. Purified PcrA helicase supported the in vitro replication of plasmid pT181. It had ATPase activity that was stimulated in the presence of single-stranded DNA. Unlike many replicative helicases, PcrA was highly active as a 5' --> 3' helicase and had a weaker 3' --> 5' helicase activity. The RepC initiator protein encoded by pT181 nicks at the origin of replication and becomes covalently attached to the 5' end of the DNA. The 3' OH end at the nick then serves as a primer for displacement synthesis. PcrA helicase showed an origin-specific unwinding activity with supercoiled plasmid pT181 DNA that had been nicked at the origin by RepC. We also provide direct evidence for a protein-protein interaction between PcrA and RepC proteins. Our results are consistent with a model in which the PcrA helicase is targeted to the pT181 origin through a protein-protein interaction with RepC and facilitates the movement of the replisome by initiating unwinding from the RepC-generated nick. 相似文献
74.
M. G. Hussain A. Chatterji B. J. McAndrew R. Johnstone 《TAG. Theoretical and applied genetics. Theoretische und angewandte Genetik》1991,81(1):6-12
Summary The results of a study aimed at the identification of treatment optima for triploidy induction in recently fertilised Oreochromis niloticus L. eggs by altering the intensity, duration and timing of application of pressure, heat and cold shocks are reported. Preliminary, but not directly comparable, trials suggested the following treatments to be close to the individual agent optima. Pressure: 8,000 psi 2-min duration applied 9 min after fertilisation (a.f.); heat: 41 °C, 3.5-min duration applied 5 min a.f., cold: 9°C, 30-min duration applied 7 min a.f. In a directly comparable trial in which the eggs of eight different females were separately exposed to the optimum shocks listed above, individual triploid yields were more variable following cold shocks and mean triploid yields were, therefore, higher following pressure and heat shock. These and other results obtained are presented and the light they shed on the timing of the second meiotic division in this species is discussed. 相似文献
75.
P Kumar M T Hussain E Cardoso M B Hawary J Hassanain 《Plastic and reconstructive surgery》1991,88(6):955-958
One hundred and seventy-nine consecutive cases of facial clefts that were treated at the King Khalid University Hospital, in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, were analyzed for an epidemiologic study. Isolated cleft lip was present in 38 percent, cleft of lip and palate in 37.4 percent, and cleft of the posterior palate in only 22.4 percent. There was a male preponderance in all types. In cases of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, the more commonly affected side was the left, followed by bilateral cases. Associated malformations were present in 13.4 percent. A positive family history was found in 26.8 percent of cases. A significant number of patients (7.8 percent) were first seen at more than 10 years of age. The incidence of facial clefts at this hospital was 0.3 per 1000 live births, computed over a period of 6 years. This incidence is significantly lower than that reported from European and Far Eastern countries. 相似文献
76.
77.
Muhammad Imran Din Zaib Hussain Muhammad Latif Mirza Asma Tufail Shah Muhammad Makshoof Athar 《International journal of phytoremediation》2014,16(9):889-908
In the present study a novel biomass, derived from the pulp of Saccharum bengalense, was used as an adsorbent material for the removal of Pb (II) ions from aqueous solution. After 50 minutes contact time, almost 92% lead removal was possible at pH 6.0 under batch test conditions. The experimental data was analyzed using Langmuir, Freundlich, Timken and Dubinin-Radushkevich two parameters isotherm model, three parameters Redlich—Peterson, Sip and Toth models and four parameters Fritz Schlunder isotherm models. Langmuir, Redlich—Peterson and Fritz-Schlunder models were found to be the best fit models. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption process was well explained with pseudo second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters including free energy change (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°) and entropy change (ΔS°) have been calculated and reveal the spontaneous, endothermic and feasible nature of the adsorption process. The thermodynamic parameters of activation (ΔG #, ΔH #and ΔS #) were calculated from the pseudo-second order rate constant by using the Eyring equation. Results showed that Pb (II) adsorption onto SB is an associated mechanism and the reorientation step is entropy controlled. 相似文献
78.
Jozaa Z. ALTamimi Nora A. AlFaris Dalal H. Aljabryn Reham I. Alagal Ghedeir M. Alshammari Hussain Aldera Sultan Alqahtani Mohammed Abdo Yahya 《Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences》2021,28(8):4300-4310
Diabetes mellitus induces testicular damage, increases sperm abnormalities, and impairs reproductive dysfunction due to induction of endocrine disturbance and testicular oxidative stress. This study evaluated the reproductive protective effect of ellagic acid (EA) against testicular damage and abnormalities in sperm parameters in Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats (T1DM) and examined some possible mechanisms of protection. Adult male rats were segregated into 5 groups (n = 12 rat/each) as control, control + EA (50 mg/kg/day), T1DM, T1DM + EA, and T1DM + EA + brusatol (an Nrf-2 inhibitor) (2 mg/twice/week). All treatments were conducted for 12 weeks, daily. EA preserved the structure of the seminiferous tubules, prevented the reduction in sperm count, motility, and viability, reduced sperm abnormalities, and downregulated testicular levels of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax in diabetic rats. In the control and diabetic rats, EA significantly increased the circulatory levels of testosterone, reduced serum levels of FSH and LH, and upregulated Bcl-2 and all steroidogenic genes (StAr, 3β-HSD1, and 11β-HSD1). Besides, it reduced levels of ROS and MDA but increased levels of GSH and MnSOD and the transactivation of Nrf2. All these biochemical alterations induced by EA were associated with increased activity and nuclear accumulation of Nrf2. However, all these effects afforded by EA were weakened in the presence of brusatol. In conclusion, EA could be an effective therapy to alleviated DM-induced reproductive toxicity and dysfunction in rats by a potent antioxidant potential mediated by the upregulation of Nrf2. 相似文献
79.
Anna Marchiani Stefano Mammi Giuliano Siligardi Rohanah Hussain Isabella Tessari Luigi Bubacco Giovanna Delogu Davide Fabbri Maria A. Dettori Daniele Sanna Sonia Dedola Pier A. Serra Paolo Ruzza 《Amino acids》2013,45(2):327-338
Curcumin, a dietary polyphenol, has shown a potential to act on the symptoms of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, as a consequence of its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-protein aggregation properties. Unfortunately, curcumin undergoes rapid degradation at physiological pH into ferulic acid, vanillin and dehydrozingerone, making it an unlikely drug candidate. Here, we evaluated the ability of some curcumin by-products: dehydrozingerone (1), its O-methyl derivative (2), zingerone (3), and their biphenyl analogues (4–6) to interact with α-synuclein (AS), using CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, the antioxidant properties and the cytoprotective effects in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells prior to intoxication with H2O2, MPP+ and MnCl2 were examined while the Congo red assay was used to evaluate the ability of these compounds to prevent aggregation of AS. We found that the biphenyl zingerone analogue (6) interacts with high affinity with AS and also displays the best antioxidant properties while the biphenyl analogues of dehydrozingerone (4) and of O-methyl-dehydrozingerone (5) are able to partially inhibit the aggregation process of AS, suggesting the potential role of a hydroxylated biphenyl scaffold in the design of AS aggregation inhibitors. 相似文献
80.
Atika?MansoorEmail author Lubna?Ali Noor-ul?Sabah Asraf?Hussain?Hashmi Mohammad?Haroon?Khan Syed?Ali?Raza?Kazmi Nafees?Ahmad Saima?Siddiqi Khalid?Mehmood?Khan 《Virology journal》2013,10(1):352