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101.
Summary Buds originate inHydra attenuata at a position 1/3 of the body length from the basal disc. The position with respect to the vertical axes is determined first and the position of the bud on the circumference of this budding region is specified later.Bud formation in hydra is reversibly prevented by pre-treatment with an inhibitor purified from hydra tissue (Berking, 1977). Some hours after the end of the treatment with the inhibitor, bud formation is resumed. From the starting or restarting point of development after the inhibitory treatment to the visible beginning of bud formation, 4 intermediary stages were distinguished on the basis of different responses to a second treatment with inhibitor. The pre0treatment is followed immediately by a period of maximal sensitivity to the inhibitor, which varies in length. At the conclusion of this phase the time interval required for the visible appearance of buds is fixed (12 h). In this and the following phase another application of inhibitor can cancel the entire preparatory process from the pre-treatment onwards. A transition to near complete resistance to inhibitor is the basis for defining a third phase. In a fourth phase, immediately before the evagination of the bud starts, the proesence of the inhibitor will again hinder the development. Upon removal of the inhibitor the suppressed buds will appear. 相似文献
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The molecular weights of Ehrlich tumor cell ribonucleotide reductase and its individual components were determined by sedimentation equilibrium in the Beckman Airfuge. The distribution of enzyme after sedimentation equilibrium was determined by measurement of the CDP reductase and ADP reductase activities associated with ribonucleotide reductase. The apparent molecular weight of the intact enzyme was 304,000 when assayed for CDP reductase and 254,000 when assayed for ADP reductase. This difference in apparent molecular weights was statistically significant with a P value of 0.0002. The molecular weights of the individual components of ribonucleotide reductase were determined in a similar fashion by assaying in the presence of an excess of the complementary component. The non-heme iron component had a molecular weight of 81,000 when assayed for either CDP or ADP reductase activity. The effector-binding component had an apparent molecular weight of 127,000 when assayed for CDP reductase and 95,000 when assayed for ADP reductase. This difference in apparent molecular weights was statistically significant with a P value of 0.004. The effectors ATP and dGTP altered the apparent molecular weights of the intact enzyme and individual components. In the presence of ATP the molecular weight of intact CDP reductase was 481,000 while the apparent molecular weight of the effector-binding component of CDP reductase alone was 418,000. In the presence of dGTP, the molecular weight of intact ADP reductase was 293,000 while the apparent molecular weight of the effector-binding component of ADP reductase alone was 154,000. These results indicate that the proportion of the non-heme iron component and the effector-binding component is not equimolar and that the composition of the enzyme is not constant but is altered by the presence of effectors. Our data also suggest that CDP reduction and ADP reduction are catalyzed by different molecular species of the enzyme which apparently have different effector-binding components. 相似文献
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Edward L. Schwartz Anthony F. Hadfield Alfred E. Brown Alan C. Sartorelli 《Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)/Molecular Cell Research》1983,762(4):489-497
Two analogs of N-acetylmannosamine, (Ac4-NAcMan) and the 2-trifluoroacetamido derivative (Ac4F3-NAcMan), were synthesized as potential inhibitors of the formation of sialic acid-containing glycoconjugates and were examined for their ability to modify the incorporation of into cellular glycoconjugates of Friend murine erythroleukemia cells. Ac4F3-NAcMan and Ac4-NAcMan inhibited cellular replication in suspension culture at concentrations of 0.02 and 0.08 mM, respectively. The cytotoxicity of Ac4-NAcMan was relatively reversible, whereas that produced by Ac4F3-NAcMan was not, as judged by measurement of the cloning efficiencies of cells exposed to these agents. The analogs inhibited incorporation of into ethanol-soluble and -insoluble materials. Separation of ethanol-soluble metabolites by HPLC demonstrated that Ac4F3-NAcMan caused accumulation of radioactivity from in CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-NeuNAc) equal to the decrease in macromolecular-bound 3H caused by this agent. In contrast, similar exposure to Ac4-NAcMan produced a large increase in the amount of radioactivity in ethanol-soluble N-acetylneuraminic acid while decreasing the amount of label from in cellular CMP-NeuNAc, suggesting that the analogs differ in their biochemical sites of action. Treatment of cells with either analog increased the amount of neuraminidase-hydrolyzable sialic acid-like material on the cell surface; this appeared to be due to the incorporation of the analogs into cellular glycoconjugates, since incubation of cells with 3H-labeled analogs resulted in the appearance of radioactivity in cellular ethanol-insoluble and neuraminidase-hydrolyzable material. Incubation of cells with Ac4-NAcMan labeled with 14C in the 4-O-acetyl group further demonstrated that incorporation occurred with approx. 50% retention of this substituent. Thus, both the amount and the nature of the surface sialic acid constituents of treated cells were altered, suggesting that these or similar analogs could potentially be used to modify cellular membrane function. 相似文献
106.
Alfred Berteloot Christiane Malo Sylvie Breton Michel Brunette 《The Journal of membrane biology》1991,122(2):111-125
Summary Kinetic data in (brush-border) membrane vesicles which rely on the validity of the initial rate assumption for their interpretation and depend on tracer flux studies using the rapid filtration technique for their experimental measurement have been limited to some extent by the absence of techniques that would allow for real-time data analysis. In this paper, we report on our successful design of a fast sampling, rapid filtration apparatus (FSRFA) which seems to fill up this technical gap since showing the following characteristics: (i) rapid injection (5 msec) and mixing (less than 100 msec) of small amounts of vesicles (10–40 l) with an incubation medium (0.2–1.0 ml); (ii) fast (20 to 80 msec depending on the sample volume) and multiple (up to 18 samples at a maximal rate of 4/sec) sampling of the uptake mixture followed by rapid quenching in the stop solution (approximately 5 msec) according to a predetermined time schedule (any time combination from 0.25 to 9999 sec); and (iii) fast, automated, and sampling-synchronized filtration and washings of the quenched uptake medium (only 15–20 sec are necessary for the first filtration followed by two washings and extra filtrations). As demonstrated using adult human jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles and Na+-d-glucose cotransport as models, the FSRFA accurately reproduces the manual aspects of the rapid filtration technique while allowing for very precise initial rate determinations. Moreover, the FSRFA has also been designed to provide as much versatility as possible and, in its present version, allows for a very precise control of the incubation temperature and also permits a few efflux protocols to be performed. Finally, its modular design, which separates the fast sampling unit from the rapid filtration device, should help in extending its use to fields other than transport measurement. 相似文献
107.
Adelheid Gauly Alfred Batschauer Albrecht von Arnim Hans Kössel 《Plant molecular biology》1992,19(2):277-287
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Conjugal Transfer of Megaplasmid 2 between Rhizobium meliloti Strains in Alfalfa Nodules 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
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A DNA fragment containing the RP4 mob function, as well as the gentamicin and spectinomycin resistance genes, was inserted by gene replacement onto the megaplasmid 2 (pM2) of Rhizobium meliloti 0540 (Inf− EPS−), resulting in PG101 (Inf− EPS−). The self-transfer of pM2 and the mobilization of pM2 by plasmid RP4-4 were investigated during conjugation between PG101 and R. meliloti 2526 (Nod−). In filter conjugations, pM2 was readily mobilized by RP4-4. In addition to this, the self-transfer of one megaplasmid (pM) was detected at a frequency of 3 × 10−7. Bacteria isolated from the nodules of alfalfa and coinoculated with strains PG101 and 2526 showed that pM2 was mobilized at a frequency of approximately 7 × 10−5. Bacterial cell numbers were too low in the nodules for detection of the self-transfer of pM2 to occur. No pM2 transfer was detected in the inoculum. A comparison of the transfer frequencies for the various conjugation conditions revealed that pM2 transfer occurred as frequently in the nodules as in filter conjugations. These results indicate that the nodule creates conditions for gene transfer that are comparable to optimal laboratory conditions. 相似文献