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51.
Marco Antonio Natal Vigilato Alfonso Clavijo Terezinha Knobl Hugo Marcelo Tamayo Silva Ottorino Cosivi Maria Cristina Schneider Luis Fernando Leanes Albino José Belotto Marcos Antonio Espinal 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2013,368(1623)
Human rabies transmitted by dogs is considered a neglected disease that can be eliminated in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) by 2015. The aim of this paper is to discuss canine rabies policies and projections for LAC regarding current strategies for achieving this target and to critically review the political, economic and geographical factors related to the successful elimination of this deadly disease in the context of the difficulties and challenges of the region. The strong political and technical commitment to control rabies in LAC in the 1980s, started with the regional programme coordinated by the Pan American Health Organization. National and subnational programmes involve a range of strategies including mass canine vaccination with more than 51 million doses of canine vaccine produced annually, pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis, improvements in disease diagnosis and intensive surveillance. Rabies incidence in LAC has dramatically declined over the last few decades, with laboratory confirmed dog rabies cases decreasing from approximately 25 000 in 1980 to less than 300 in 2010. Dog-transmitted human rabies cases also decreased from 350 to less than 10 during the same period. Several countries have been declared free of human cases of dog-transmitted rabies, and from the 35 countries in the Americas, there is now only notification of human rabies transmitted by dogs in seven countries (Bolivia, Peru, Honduras, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Guatemala and some states in north and northeast Brazil). Here, we emphasize the importance of the political commitment in the final progression towards disease elimination. The availability of strategies for rabies control, the experience of most countries in the region and the historical ties of solidarity between countries with the support of the scientific community are evidence to affirm that the elimination of dog-transmitted rabies can be achieved in the short term. The final efforts to confront the remaining obstacles, like achieving and sustaining high vaccination coverage in communities that are most impoverished or in remote locations, are faced by countries that struggle to allocate sufficient financial and human resources for rabies control. Continent-wide cooperation is therefore required in the final efforts to secure the free status of remaining countries in the Americas, which is key to the regional elimination of human rabies transmitted by dogs. 相似文献
52.
Guillaume Compain Agnès Martin-Mingot Alfonso Maresca Sebastien Thibaudeau Claudiu T. Supuran 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2013,21(6):1555-1563
A series of new, halogen containing N-substituted 4-aminobenzenesulfonamides were synthesized by using superacid HF/SbF5 chemistry and investigated as inhibitors of several human carbonic anhydrase (hCA, EC 4.2.1.1) isoforms, that is, the cytosolic hCA I and II and, the tumor-associated transmembrane isoforms hCA IX and XII. Despite the substitution of the sulfonamide function, the presence of fluorine atom(s) in β position of the sulfonamide function strongly favors hCA inhibition. A similar effect of the β-fluorinated alkyl substitution on the amino function has been also observed. Among the tested compounds, several chlorinated derivatives have been identified as selective nanomolar, tumor-associated isoforms inhibitors. These non-primary sulfonamides probably bind in the coumarin-binding site, at the entrance of the cavity, and not to the metal ion as the primary sulfonamide inhibitors. 相似文献
53.
Claudio Battilocchio Giovanna Poce Salvatore Alfonso Giulio Cesare Porretta Sara Consalvi Lidia Sautebin Simona Pace Antonietta Rossi Carla Ghelardini Lorenzo Di Cesare Mannelli Silvia Schenone Antonio Giordani Luigia Di Francesco Paola Patrignani Mariangela Biava 《Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry》2013,21(13):3695-3701
We report the synthesis and bio-pharmacological evaluation of a class of pyrrole derivatives featuring a small appendage fragment (carbaldehyde, oxime, nitrile) on the central core. Compound 1c proved to be extremely effective in vivo, showing an interesting anti-nociceptic profile that is comparable to reference compounds already marketed, hence representing a great stimulus for a further improvement of this class of molecules. 相似文献
54.
Jose Alfonso Cabrera Roy D. Menjivar Abd el‐Fattah A. Dababat Richard A. Sikora 《Journal of Phytopathology》2013,161(2):65-69
In 1979, the anthelmintic activity of abamectin, a mixture of avermectins B1a and B1b, was first reported. Since then, multiple articles have investigated avermectins' degradation and its efficacy against a wide variety of pests under different conditions and using different modes of application. However, there is a gap in the literature of analysing abamectin properties and its performance as a non‐fumigant nematicide when applied liquid or granular vs. new avenues of application based on seed and seedling treatment. Therefore, this article reviewed literature to discuss the mode of action, environmental aspects, the nematicidal effectiveness of treatment forms and the range of activity to address these topics. 相似文献
55.
56.
Leonida?Fusani Francesca?Coccon Alfonso?Rojas Mora Wolfgang?GoymannEmail author 《Frontiers in zoology》2013,10(1):79
Introduction
A remarkable aspect of bird migration is its nocturnality, particularly common in Passeriformes. The switch in activity from purely diurnal to also nocturnal is evident even in caged birds that during migratory periods develop an intense nocturnal restlessness, termed Zugunruhe. The mechanisms that control this major change in activity are mostly unknown. Previous work with Sylvia warblers suggested an involvement of melatonin, a hormone associated with day-night cycles in most vertebrates. In a recent study we found no effects of melatonin administration on Zugunruhe during spring migration. However, previous studies indicated that the response to melatonin manipulation could differ between spring and autumn migration, which are in fact separate life history stages. Here we tested whether a non-invasive treatment with melatonin can alter Zugunruhe in wild garden warblers S. borin and blackcaps S. atricapilla subject to temporary captivity at an autumnal stopover site. Food availability in the cage (yes/no) was added as a second factor because previous work showed that it enhanced Zugunruhe.Results
The melatonin treatment significantly decreased the amount of Zugunruhe, while the availability of food only tended to increase the amount of Zugunruhe. Fuel deposits also had a strong effect on the amount of nocturnal activity: lean birds with a fat score of 1 showed significantly less Zugunruhe than fatter birds. The change in body mass during the time spent in the recording cage depended on food availability, but not on any of the other factors.Conclusions
This study shows that the migratory programme of two Sylvia warblers can be manipulated by administration of exogenous melatonin and confirms that this hormone is involved in the control of migratory behaviour. To our knowledge, this is one of the first demonstrations that the autumn migratory programme can be altered by hormonal manipulation in migrating birds. The comparison with a similar study carried out with the same modalities during spring migration suggests that there are seasonal differences in the sensitivity of the migratory programme to hormonal factors. In birds breeding in the northern hemisphere, the importance of a timely arrival to the breeding sites could explain why the control of the migratory programme is more rigid in spring.57.
Enrique Quintero Marta Carrillo Maria-Liz Leoz Joaquin Cubiella Carla Gargallo Angel Lanas Luis Bujanda Antonio Z. Gimeno-García Manuel Hernández-Guerra David Nicolás-Pérez Inmaculada Alonso-Abreu Juan Diego Morillas Francesc Balaguer Alfonso Muriel 《PLoS medicine》2016,13(5)
BackgroundFirst-degree relatives (FDR) of patients with colorectal cancer have a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer than the general population. For this reason, screening guidelines recommend colonoscopy every 5 or 10 y, starting at the age of 40, depending on whether colorectal cancer in the index-case is diagnosed at <60 or ≥60 y, respectively. However, studies on the risk of neoplastic lesions are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the risk of advanced neoplasia (three or more non-advanced adenomas, advanced adenoma, or invasive cancer) in FDR of patients with colorectal cancer compared to average-risk individuals (i.e., asymptomatic adults 50 to 69 y of age with no family history of colorectal cancer).ConclusionsIndividuals having two FDR with colorectal cancer showed an increased risk of advanced neoplasia compared to those with average-risk for colorectal cancer. Men had over 2-fold higher risk of advanced neoplasia than women, independent of family history. These data suggest that screening colonoscopy guidelines should be revised in the familial-risk population. 相似文献
58.
Beatriz Martín-Fernández Alfonso Rubio-Navarro Isabel Cortegano Sandra Ballesteros Mario Alía Pablo Cannata-Ortiz Elena Olivares-álvaro Jesús Egido Belén de Andrés María Luisa Gaspar Natalia de las Heras Vicente Lahera Juan Antonio Moreno 《PloS one》2016,11(1)
We aimed to evaluate macrophages heterogeneity and structural, functional and inflammatory alterations in rat kidney by aldosterone + salt administration. The effects of treatment with spironolactone on above parameters were also analyzed. Male Wistar rats received aldosterone (1 mgkg-1d-1) + 1% NaCl for 3 weeks. Half of the animals were treated with spironolactone (200 mg kg-1d-1). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were elevated (p<0.05) in aldosterone + salt–treated rats. Relative kidney weight, collagen content, fibronectin, macrophage infiltrate, CTGF, Col I, MMP2, TNF-α, CD68, Arg2, and SGK-1 were increased (p<0.05) in aldosterone + salt–treated rats, being reduced by spironolactone (p<0.05). Increased iNOS and IFN-γ mRNA gene expression (M1 macrophage markers) was observed in aldosterone + salt rats, whereas no significant differences were observed in IL-10 and gene ArgI mRNA expression or ED2 protein content (M2 macrophage markers). All the observed changes were blocked with spironolactone treatment. Macrophage depletion with liposomal clodronate reduced macrophage influx and inflammatory M1 markers (INF-γ or iNOS), whereas interstitial fibrosis was only partially reduced after this intervention, in aldosterone plus salt-treated rats. In conclusion, aldosterone + salt administration mediates inflammatory M1 macrophage phenotype and increased fibrosis throughout mineralocorticoid receptors activation. 相似文献
59.
Computational ecology is an emerging interdisciplinary discipline founded mainly on modeling and simulation methods for studying ecological systems. Among the existing modeling formalisms, the individual‐based modeling is particularly well suited for capturing the complex temporal and spatial dynamics as well as the nonlinearities arising in ecosystems, communities, or populations due to individual variability. In addition, being a bottom‐up approach, it is useful for providing new insights on the local mechanisms which are generating some observed global dynamics. Of course, no conclusions about model results could be taken seriously if they are based on a single model execution and they are not analyzed carefully. Therefore, a sound methodology should always be used for underpinning the interpretation of model results. The sensitivity analysis is a methodology for quantitatively assessing the effect of input uncertainty in the simulation output which should be incorporated compulsorily to every work based on in‐silico experimental setup. In this article, we present R/Repast a GNU R package for running and analyzing Repast Simphony models accompanied by two worked examples on how to perform global sensitivity analysis and how to interpret the results. 相似文献
60.