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81.
Colin J. Carlson Tad A. Dallas Laura W. Alexander Alexandra L. Phelan Anna J. Phillips 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2020,287(1939)
How many parasites are there on Earth? Here, we use helminth parasites to highlight how little is known about parasite diversity, and how insufficient our current approach will be to describe the full scope of life on Earth. Using the largest database of host–parasite associations and one of the world’s largest parasite collections, we estimate a global total of roughly 100 000–350 000 species of helminth endoparasites of vertebrates, of which 85–95% are unknown to science. The parasites of amphibians and reptiles remain the most poorly described, but the majority of undescribed species are probably parasites of birds and bony fish. Missing species are disproportionately likely to be smaller parasites of smaller hosts in undersampled countries. At current rates, it would take centuries to comprehensively sample, collect and name vertebrate helminths. While some have suggested that macroecology can work around existing data limitations, we argue that patterns described from a small, biased sample of diversity aren’t necessarily reliable, especially as host–parasite networks are increasingly altered by global change. In the spirit of moonshots like the Human Genome Project and the Global Virome Project, we consider the idea of a Global Parasite Project: a global effort to transform parasitology and inventory parasite diversity at an unprecedented pace. 相似文献
82.
Ilse Storch Johannes Penner Thomas Asbeck Marco Basile Jürgen Bauhus Veronika Braunisch Carsten F. Dormann Julian Frey Stefanie Grtner Marc Hanewinkel Barbara Koch Alexandra‐Maria Klein Thomas Kuss Michael Pregernig Patrick Pyttel Albert Reif Michael Scherer‐Lorenzen Gernot Segelbacher Ulrich Schraml Michael Staab Georg Winkel Rasoul Yousefpour 《Ecology and evolution》2020,10(3):1489-1509
Retention forestry, which retains a portion of the original stand at the time of harvesting to maintain continuity of structural and compositional diversity, has been originally developed to mitigate the impacts of clear‐cutting. Retention of habitat trees and deadwood has since become common practice also in continuous‐cover forests of Central Europe. While the use of retention in these forests is plausible, the evidence base for its application is lacking, trade‐offs have not been quantified, it is not clear what support it receives from forest owners and other stakeholders and how it is best integrated into forest management practices. The Research Training Group ConFoBi (Conservation of Forest Biodiversity in Multiple‐use Landscapes of Central Europe) focusses on the effectiveness of retention forestry, combining ecological studies on forest biodiversity with social and economic studies of biodiversity conservation across multiple spatial scales. The aim of ConFoBi is to assess whether and how structural retention measures are appropriate for the conservation of forest biodiversity in uneven‐aged and selectively harvested continuous‐cover forests of temperate Europe. The study design is based on a pool of 135 plots (1 ha) distributed along gradients of forest connectivity and structure. The main objectives are (a) to investigate the effects of structural elements and landscape context on multiple taxa, including different trophic and functional groups, to evaluate the effectiveness of retention practices for biodiversity conservation; (b) to analyze how forest biodiversity conservation is perceived and practiced, and what costs and benefits it creates; and (c) to identify how biodiversity conservation can be effectively integrated in multi‐functional forest management. ConFoBi will quantify retention levels required across the landscape, as well as the socio‐economic prerequisites for their implementation by forest owners and managers. ConFoBi's research results will provide an evidence base for integrating biodiversity conservation into forest management in temperate forests. 相似文献
83.
Bogdanova Alexandra Sergeevna Sokolova Anastasiia Ivanovna Pavlova Elizaveta Robertovna Klinov Dmitry Vladimirovich Bagrov Dmitry Vladimirovich 《Journal of biological physics》2021,47(2):205-214
Journal of Biological Physics - The morphology and proliferation of eukaryotic cells depend on their microenvironment. When electrospun mats are used as tissue engineering scaffolds, the local... 相似文献
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86.
Rebecca E. Koch Katherine L. Buchanan Stefania Casagrande Ondi Crino Damian K. Dowling Geoffrey E. Hill Wendy R. Hood Matthew McKenzie Mylene M. Mariette Daniel W.A. Noble Alexandra Pavlova Frank Seebacher Paul Sunnucks Eve Udino Craig R. White Karine Salin Antoine Stier 《Trends in ecology & evolution》2021,36(4):321-332
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88.
Paula José Ricardo Sun Derek Pissarra Vasco Narvaez Pauline Rosa Rui Grutter Alexandra S. Sikkel Paul C. 《Coral reefs (Online)》2021,40(2):535-542
Coral Reefs - Gnathiid isopods, common fish ectoparasites, can affect fish physiology, behaviour and survival. Gnathiid juveniles emerge from the benthos to feed on fish blood. In the Caribbean,... 相似文献
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90.
Christophe J. Queval Antony Fearns Laure Botella Alicia Smyth Laura Schnettger Morgane Mitermite Esen Wooff Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos Waldo Garcia-Jimenez Tiaan Heunis Matthias Trost Dirk Werling Francisco J. Salguero Stephen V. Gordon Maximiliano G. Gutierrez 《PLoS pathogens》2021,17(3)
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is a group of related pathogens that cause tuberculosis (TB) in mammals. MTBC species are distinguished by their ability to sustain in distinct host populations. While Mycobacterium bovis (Mbv) sustains transmission cycles in cattle and wild animals and causes zoonotic TB, M. tuberculosis (Mtb) affects human populations and seldom causes disease in cattle. The host and pathogen determinants underlying host tropism between MTBC species are still unknown. Macrophages are the main host cell that encounters mycobacteria upon initial infection, and we hypothesised that early interactions between the macrophage and mycobacteria influence species-specific disease outcome. To identify factors that contribute to host tropism, we analysed blood-derived primary human and bovine macrophages (hMϕ or bMϕ, respectively) infected with Mbv and Mtb. We show that Mbv and Mtb reside in different cellular compartments and differentially replicate in hMϕ whereas both Mbv and Mtb efficiently replicate in bMϕ. Specifically, we show that out of the four infection combinations, only the infection of bMϕ with Mbv promoted the formation of multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs), a hallmark of tuberculous granulomas. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that both MPB70 from Mbv and extracellular vesicles released by Mbv-infected bMϕ promote macrophage multinucleation. Importantly, we extended our in vitro studies to show that granulomas from Mbv-infected but not Mtb-infected cattle contained higher numbers of MNGCs. Our findings implicate MNGC formation in the contrasting pathology between Mtb and Mbv for the bovine host and identify MPB70 from Mbv and extracellular vesicles from bMϕ as mediators of this process. 相似文献