全文获取类型
收费全文 | 67865篇 |
免费 | 5560篇 |
国内免费 | 3438篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 612篇 |
2022年 | 1392篇 |
2021年 | 2761篇 |
2020年 | 1777篇 |
2019年 | 2303篇 |
2018年 | 2474篇 |
2017年 | 2004篇 |
2016年 | 2747篇 |
2015年 | 3474篇 |
2014年 | 4225篇 |
2013年 | 4851篇 |
2012年 | 5538篇 |
2011年 | 5253篇 |
2010年 | 3571篇 |
2009年 | 3131篇 |
2008年 | 3827篇 |
2007年 | 3537篇 |
2006年 | 3121篇 |
2005年 | 2697篇 |
2004年 | 2498篇 |
2003年 | 2340篇 |
2002年 | 2043篇 |
2001年 | 1194篇 |
2000年 | 990篇 |
1999年 | 790篇 |
1998年 | 549篇 |
1997年 | 457篇 |
1996年 | 421篇 |
1995年 | 423篇 |
1994年 | 407篇 |
1993年 | 332篇 |
1992年 | 406篇 |
1991年 | 365篇 |
1990年 | 304篇 |
1989年 | 277篇 |
1988年 | 221篇 |
1987年 | 247篇 |
1986年 | 211篇 |
1985年 | 217篇 |
1984年 | 196篇 |
1983年 | 157篇 |
1982年 | 163篇 |
1981年 | 149篇 |
1980年 | 119篇 |
1979年 | 139篇 |
1978年 | 120篇 |
1977年 | 109篇 |
1976年 | 116篇 |
1975年 | 117篇 |
1973年 | 118篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Summary A citronellol-utilizing bacterium was isolated that accumulated a polyester consisting of 3-hydroxybutyric acid (3HB) and of medium-chain-length 3-hydroxyalkanoic acids (3HAMCL) from various carbon sources up to approximately 70% of the cellular dry matter if the cells were cultivated in ammineral salts medium under nitrogen limitation. In octanoate-grown cells, for instance, the polyester consisted of 87.5 mol% 3HB and 12.5 mol% 3-hydroxyoctanoic acid (3HO), whereas it consisted of 10.3 mol% 3HB, 16.7 mol% 3HO and 73.0 mol% 3-hydroxydecanoic acid (3HD) in gluconate-grown cells. However, the results of various experiments indicated that a blend rather than a copolyester was synthesized in the cell. It was the only strain among 45 different recently isolated citronellol-utilizing bacteria that accumulated such a polyester. All other citronellol-utilizing bacteria behaved like Pseudomonas aeruginosa with respect to their polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) biosynthetic capabilities and accumulated PHA consisting of 3HAMCL with 3HO and 3HD as the main constituents from octanoate or gluconate, respectively, whereas 3HB was never present. None of 232 different heavy-metal-resistant bacteria was able to accumulate PHA composed of 3HB plus, for example, 3HO. Only 20.3% did not accumulate any PHA at all, 44.8% accumulated PHB from gluconate, and 34.9% behaved like P. aeruginosa. Many bacteria belonging to the latter group were distinguished from the other by rapid growth in nutrient broth and in gluconate mineral salts medium and by their ability to grow in the presence of a high concentration (up to 1.5%, w/v) of octanoate.
Correspondence to: A. Steinbüchel 相似文献
992.
Relationship between Cell Surface Properties and Transport of Bacteria through Soil 总被引:27,自引:20,他引:7
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Applied microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
A study was conducted to relate the properties of Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Achromobacter, Flavobacterium, and Arthrobacter strains to their transport with water moving through soil. The bacteria differed markedly in their extent of transport; their hydrophobicity, as measured by adherence to n-octane and by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography; and their net surface electrostatic charge, as determined by electrostatic interaction chromatography and by measurements of the zeta potential. Transport of the 19 strains through Kendaia loam or their retention by this soil was not correlated with hydrophobicities or net surface charges of the cells or the presence of capsules. Among 10 strains tested, the presence of flagella was also not correlated with transport. Retention was statistically related to cell size, with bacteria shorter than 1.0 μm usually showing higher percentages of cells being transported through the soil. We suggest that more than one characteristic of bacterial cells determines whether the organisms are transported through soil with moving water. 相似文献
993.
Effect of sodium chloride on transport of bacteria in a saturated aquifer material. 总被引:9,自引:7,他引:2
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Applied microbiology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
Determinations were made of the influence of NaCl concentration, cell density, and flow velocity on the transport of Pseudomonas sp. strain KL2 through columns of aquifer sand under saturated conditions. A pulse-type boundary condition was used. The experiments were conducted by using 0.3-m-long Plexiglas columns with an internal diameter of 0.05 m. When a 1-h pulse of a 0.01 M NaCl solution containing 10(8) cells per ml was added at a flow rate of 10(-4) m s-1, the bacterial density in the effluent never exceeded 2.2% of the density of cells added, and only 1.5% of the bacteria passed through the aquifer material. In contrast, when the bacteria were applied in distilled water, the relative cell density in the effluent approached 100%, and 60% of the bacteria were transported through the aquifer solids. Under these conditions, the breakthrough of Pseudomonas sp. strain KL2 was slower than chloride. When the flow rate was 2.0 x 10(-4) m s-1, the cell density in the effluent reached 7.3% of that added in 0.01 M NaCl solution, but only 3.9% of the bacteria were transported through the aquifer particles. On the other hand, the density in the effluent approached 100% of that added in deionized water, and 77% of the added bacteria were recovered. When the density of added cells was 10(9) cells per ml at a flow rate of 10(-4) m s-1, the densities in the effluent reached 70 and 100% of those added in salt solution and deionized water, respectively, and 44 and 57% of the bacteria were transported through the aquifer solids.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) 相似文献
994.
Photosynthesis-deficient mutant 45-3B of the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii contains a chloroplast mutation that causes valine-331 to be replaced by alanine within the large subunit of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. This amino acid substitution occurs in loop 6 of the alpha/beta-barrel active site, three residues distant from catalytic lysine-334. The mutation reduces the specific activity of the enzyme and also reduces its CO2/O2 specificity factor by 42%, but the amount of holoenzyme is unaffected. In a previous study, an intragenic-suppressor mutation, named S40-9D, was selected that causes threonine-342 to be replaced by isoleucine, thereby increasing the CO2/O2 specificity of the mutant enzyme by 36%. To determine which other residues might be able to complement the original mutation, nine additional genetically independent revertants have now been analyzed. Another intragenic suppressor, represented by mutation S61-2J, causes glycine-344 to be replaced by serine. This change increases the CO2/O2 specificity of the mutant enzyme by 25%. Of the revertants recovered and analyzed, the mutant enzyme was improved only due to true reversion or by intragenic suppression mediated by substitutions at residues 342 or 344. Changes in the physical properties of the two pairs of complementing substitutions indicate that steric effects within loop 6 are responsible for the observed changes in the CO2/O2 specificity of the enzyme. 相似文献
995.
Marina V. Lavrentieva Mark I. Rivkin Alexander G. Shilov Marina L. Kobetz Igor B. Rogozin Oleg L. Serov 《Mammalian genome》1991,1(3):165-170
In analysis of the repeats from the mink X Chromosome (Chr), we have identified a B2-like repetitive sequence of 195 base pairs (bp) flanked by short direct repeats of 14 bp. It contains regions homologous to the split intragenic RNA polymerase III promoter and a 3 A-rich region followed by an oligo(dA) sequence. A feature of the repeat is the presence of a perfect polypyrimidine tract 22 bp in length absent from the known Alu- and Alu-like sequences. Alignment of the mink B2-like sequence and mouse B2-consensus sequence allowed us to estimate their similarity as 55%. The repeat is present in 1–2×105 copies per mink genome and 2–4×103 copies per X Chr. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrated a similar distribution pattern of the B2-like repeat along the length of all the mink chromosomes including the X. We also observed the presence of mink B2-like hybridizable sequence in the genomes of other Carnivora species.The nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to EMBL Data Library and have been assigned the accession number X52381 (MVB2RPT). 相似文献
996.
R Keays P M Harrison J A Wendon A Forbes C Gove G J Alexander R Williams 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1991,303(6809):1026-1029
OBJECTIVE--To see whether intravenous acetylcysteine would improve outcome in patients with fulminant hepatic failure after paracetamol overdose. DESIGN--A prospective randomised controlled study. SETTING--The Institute of Liver Studies, King''s College Hospital, London. PATIENTS--50 consecutive patients (21 male) aged 16-60 with fulminant hepatic failure after paracetamol overdose who had not previously received acetylcysteine. INTERVENTIONS--Conventional intensive liver care plus either acetylcysteine (25 patients) in the same dose regimen as used early after a paracetamol overdose, except that the infusion was continued until recovery from encephalopathy or death, or an equivalent volume of 5% dextrose (25 patients). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES--Survival; incidence of cerebral oedema, renal failure, and hypotension requiring inotropic support; liver function as assessed by prolongation of the prothrombin time; and degree of encephalopathy. RESULTS--The rate of survival was significantly higher in the acetylcysteine treated group than in the controls (48% (12/25 patients) v 20% (5/25); p = 0.037, 95% confidence interval for difference in proportions surviving 3% to 53%). Acetylcysteine treated patients had a lower incidence of cerebral oedema (40% (10/25) v 68% (17/25); p = 0.047, 95% confidence interval for difference in incidence 2% to 54%), and fewer developed hypotension requiring inotropic support (48% (12/25) v 80% (20/25); p = 0.018, 95% confidence interval 7% to 57%). Rates of deterioration and recovery of liver function, however, were similar in the two groups. No adverse reactions to acetylcysteine were seen. CONCLUSIONS--Acetylcysteine is safe and effective in fulminant hepatic failure after paracetamol overdose. 相似文献
997.
Makarova Kira S.; Mazin Alexander V.; Wolf Yury I.; Soloviev Victor V. 《Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)》1992,8(5):425-431
A computer system DIROM for oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesisand artificial gene design has been designed for better experimentalplanning and control. DIROM permits searching for optimal oligonucleotideswith respect to certain important parameters, namely sufficientenergy of oligonucleotide-target hybridization, the secondarystructure of oligonuc-tide and target DNA, the presence of alternatebinding sites in the target DNA and terminal G/C pairs. It canalso be used to plan polymerase chain reaction experiments,for optimal primer selection, in sequencing, etc. DIROM enablesone to search for both existing and potential restriction sites,to perform vector + target sequence construction. The systemconsists of a set of original algorithms that formalize theempirical knowledge of oligonucleotide action as primers. 相似文献
998.
999.
1000.
本试验通过23株带有遗传标记的粟长蠕孢菌突变菌株,获得生理性状及生长势不同于亲本的异核体。利用营养缺陷型标记菌株研究的结果表明,粟长蠕孢菌异核体的形成及核型成分的变化受选择压力的影响。原生质体检测结果表明,在异核菌丝体中,异核细胞占46.7%,同核细胞占53.3%。分生孢子检测结果表明,只有0.06%的分生孢子保持异核状态。 相似文献