全文获取类型
收费全文 | 20391篇 |
免费 | 1894篇 |
国内免费 | 12篇 |
专业分类
22297篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 121篇 |
2022年 | 300篇 |
2021年 | 563篇 |
2020年 | 266篇 |
2019年 | 388篇 |
2018年 | 435篇 |
2017年 | 340篇 |
2016年 | 586篇 |
2015年 | 985篇 |
2014年 | 1020篇 |
2013年 | 1399篇 |
2012年 | 1597篇 |
2011年 | 1565篇 |
2010年 | 967篇 |
2009年 | 844篇 |
2008年 | 1212篇 |
2007年 | 1192篇 |
2006年 | 1073篇 |
2005年 | 1015篇 |
2004年 | 914篇 |
2003年 | 853篇 |
2002年 | 823篇 |
2001年 | 197篇 |
2000年 | 155篇 |
1999年 | 179篇 |
1998年 | 168篇 |
1997年 | 140篇 |
1996年 | 116篇 |
1995年 | 110篇 |
1994年 | 116篇 |
1993年 | 112篇 |
1992年 | 119篇 |
1991年 | 107篇 |
1990年 | 98篇 |
1989年 | 85篇 |
1988年 | 92篇 |
1987年 | 73篇 |
1986年 | 66篇 |
1985年 | 89篇 |
1984年 | 96篇 |
1983年 | 62篇 |
1982年 | 81篇 |
1981年 | 72篇 |
1980年 | 67篇 |
1979年 | 78篇 |
1978年 | 54篇 |
1977年 | 60篇 |
1976年 | 65篇 |
1975年 | 70篇 |
1973年 | 55篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
151.
152.
153.
There are at present two opposing points of view on problems of dealing with the intersexed patient (not the typical homosexual or transvestite) who has clearcut anatomical or biochemical qualities of the opposite sex. The first is that in the growing child or adult coming for treatment, the sex the patient should adopt is the summation of somatic sex. The other is that the sex role should be assigned according to the predominant psychological identification already present.A case history of a middle-aged pseudohermaphrodite, castrated in youth but raised from birth as a female and living thus in “homosexual” relations with women until examined and interviewed at UCLA Medical Center is presented to illustrate the psychological problems in sexual identity with which the patient had to cope.Psychiatric investigation revealed how confused the patient''s sex identity was until treatment by a team consisting of psychiatrist, psychologist and endocrinologist permitted the patient, even at so late a date, finally to establish what his gender is. The patient was able, despite early rearing as a female and a castrating operation, to swing to a more masculine identification. This was possible because of some uncertainty of sexual role from an early age. 相似文献
154.
Alexander Cooke John L. Tolmie James M. Colgan Caroline M. Greig J. Michael Connor 《Human genetics》1989,83(1):83-87
Summary A child with impaired intelligence, minor dysmorphisms, obesity and genital hypoplasia was found to have an apparently balanced translocation, 46,XY,t(4;14)(q12;q13), following cytogenetic analysis. The same rearrangement was also detected in the child's father, who had similar phenotypic abnormalities to his son. Detailed study of flow karyotypes produced from lymphoblastoid cell lines established that in both patients the translocation was in fact unbalanced with approximately 11 million base pairs of DNA (corresponding to about 6.0% of chromosome 4 or 11.0% of chromosome 14) being lost. 相似文献
155.
Factors affecting co-inoculation with antibiotic-producing bacteria to enhance rhizobial colonization and nodulation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Co-inoculation with antibiotic-producing bacteria and rhizobia resistant to those antibiotics has been proposed as a means of promoting colonization and nodulation of legumes by root-nodule bacteria. A study was conducted to establish some of the factors affecting co-inoculation with antibiotic-producing strains of Bacillus and Streptomyces griseus. The stimulation of Rhizobium meliloti and yield and N uptake by alfalfa was enhanced with increasing inoculum size of Bacillus sp. S. griseus and chitin added to soil increased nodulation of soybeans by Bradyrhizobium japonicum and increased nodulation, yield, and number of pods on a second crop grown in the same soil. Bacillus sp. persisted in soil in sufficient numbers for at least 51 days to increase colonization of soybean roots by B. japonicum. The populations of S. griseus, Bacillus sp., and antibiotic-resistant isolates of R. meliloti and B. japonicum fell after their addition to seeds. Nevertheless, a benefical effect by the antibiotic-producing bacteria was evident on R. meliloti colonization of the rhizosphere, nodulation, and yield of alfalfa grown from seeds stored 94 days and on B. japonicum colonization, nodule number, yield, and seed weight of soybeans grown from seeds stored 90 days. Because non-antibiotic-producing derivatives of Bacillus sp. and S. griseus did not promote colonization or nodulation of alfalfa roots by R. meliloti, the benefit of this co-inoculation is a result of antibiotic formation. 相似文献
156.
Jeff Alexander J. Alan Payne Brian Shigekawa Jeffrey A. Frelinger Peter Cresswell 《Immunogenetics》1990,31(3):169-178
The transport of human-mouse hybrid class I histocompatibility antigens has been studied in a mutant human cell line, 174 × CEM.T2 (T2). T2, a somatic cell hybrid of human B- and T-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCL and T-LCL, respectively), synthesizes HLA-A2 and HLA-B5 glycoproteins, but expresses only low levels of A2 and undetectable levels of B5 at the cell surface. We have previously shown that the products of human class I genes introduced into T2 by transfection behave like the endogenous HLA-B5 glycoproteins, while the products of mouse class I alleles similarly introduced are transported normally to the cell surface. We have now determined that the surface expression of class I glycoproteins in T2 depends on the origin of the 1 and 2 domains. Human (HLA-B7) and mouse (H-2D
p
) hybrid class I genes, encoding the leader, 1, and 2 sequences of one species fused to the 3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains of the other, were transfected into T2. Normal surface expression of the hybrid class I molecule was observed in T2 only when the leader, 1, and 2-encoding exons were derived from the mouse gene. The reciprocal construct, encoding human leader, 1, and 2 domains fused to the mouse 3, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic regions, resulted in biosynthesis of a hybrid glycoprotein which was not transported to the cell surface. The products of both constructs were expressed normally in control cells. The effects of glycosylation on class I antigen transport were also studied using mutant class I constructs with altered glycosylation sites. Two mutant B7 genes encoding either an extra glycosylation site at position 176 or no glycosylation sites were transfected into T2. These mutant products were expressed at the cell surface in control cells, but were synthesized and not surface-expressed in T2. These data demonstrate that the HLA/H-2 transport dichotomy in T2 is a function of the origin of the 1 and/or 2 domains of the class I glycoprotein, and is not a reflection of glycosylation differences between the human and mouse molecules.
Offprint requests to: P. Cresswell. 相似文献
157.
Genital mucosal transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus: animal model for heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. 总被引:31,自引:15,他引:16
下载免费PDF全文
![点击此处可从《Journal of virology》网站下载免费的PDF全文](/ch/ext_images/free.gif)
C J Miller N J Alexander S Sutjipto A A Lackner A Gettie A G Hendrickx L J Lowenstine M Jennings P A Marx 《Journal of virology》1989,63(10):4277-4284
An animal model for the heterosexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was developed by the application of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) onto the genital mucosas of both mature and immature, male and female rhesus macaques. Virus preparations were infused into the vaginal vaults or the urethras (males) of the animals through a soft plastic pediatric nasogastric feeding tube. The macaques that were infected by this route (six males and nine females) developed SIV-specific antibodies, and SIV was isolated from peripheral mononuclear cells of all seropositive animals. One male and one female infected by this route developed severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-like disease with retroviral giant-cell pneumonia. As few as two inoculations of cell-free SIV containing 50 50% tissue culture infective doses induced persistent viremia. Cell-free virus preparations were capable of producing infection by the genital route. Much higher doses of virus were required to transmit SIV by this route than are required for transmission by intravenous inoculation. Thus, it appears that the mucous membranes of the genital tract act as a barrier to SIV infection. Spermatozoa and seminal plasma were not required for the genital transmission of SIV. Rarely, SIV was recovered from mononuclear cells in semen and vaginal secretions. The SIV-rhesus macaque model is suitable for assessing the role of cofactors in heterosexual transmission of HIV and will be useful for testing the effectiveness of spermicides, pharmacologic agents, and vaccines in preventing the heterosexual transmission of HIV. 相似文献
158.
B Teutsch C Bihoreaú C Monnot K E Bernstein T J Murphy R W Alexander P Corvol E Clauser 《Biochemical and biophysical research communications》1992,187(3):1381-1388
A rat vascular AT1 receptor cDNA has been stably expressed into Chinese Hamster Ovary cells and the resulting recombinant AT1a receptor has been functionally characterized. This receptor binds 125I Sar1-angiotensin II with an affinity of 0.9 nM and the displacement of this ligand by a series of peptidic and nonpeptidic analogs is shown. Binding of angiotensin II to this receptor causes a rapid increase in inositol phosphate production, whereas this effect is not observed in nontransfected cells. Des-aspartyl1 angiotensin II and at a lesser extent angiotensin I are also able to produce an increase in inositol phosphates. More importantly, the actions of angiotensin II on cell division were clearly demonstrated in this model, since angiotensin II is able to stimulate DNA synthesis by 400% and double the cell population of the transfected cells in 36 hours in the absence of any other growth factor, whereas no effect is observed in nontransfected cells. 相似文献
159.
Petrus Jakobus van Zyl Bernard Alexander Prior 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1990,33(1):12-17
Summary Glycerol and arabitol were the main polyols accumulated by Zygosaccharomyces rouxii in continuous culture but the intracellular and extracellular concentrations of the polyols varied with the dilution rate and osmoticum used to adjust the water activity (aw) to 0.960. When the aw was adjusted with NaCl, glycerol was the main polyol accumulated intracellularly whereas glycerol and arabitol were accumulated when polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 was used. The extracellular glycerol and arabitol concentrations at 0.960 aw (NaCl or PEG 400) were similar or decreased relative to cultures at 0.998 aw. Compared to steady-state cultivation at 0.998 aw, the yeast retained at 0.960 aw (NaCl or PEG 400) a greater proportion of the total glycerol intracellularly against an increased concentration ratio without significantly greater production of glycerol. Arabitol was only significant in osmoregulation when cultivated at 0.960 aw (PEG 400). The intracellular glycerol concentration was insufficient to balance the aw across the membrane, but an equilibrium could be achieved under certain conditions if arabitol was also osmotically active.
Offprint requests to: P. J. van Zyl 相似文献
160.
Andreas Pries Alexander Steinbüchel Hans G. Schlegel 《Applied microbiology and biotechnology》1990,33(4):410-417
Summary Transposon Tn 951-encoded -galactosidase was expressed in Pseudomonas saccharophila and enabled this bacterium to grow on lactose as sole carbon source. In contrast, -galactosidase was not expressed in Alcaligenes eutrophus even if the lacZ gene of Tn 951 was separated from the lacI gene. However, -galactosidase was expressed in A. eutrophus, if a DNA fragment, which was suspected to harbour the promoter of the A. eutrophus poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid)-synthetic genes, was ligated to the promoter probe vector pMC1403, which employs lac Z, Y as reporter genes. Plasmid pPL76, which harboured one of the promoter-lac fusions, enabled A. eutrophus not only to express -galactosidase but also to grow slowly on lactose (doubling time = 25–30 h). Subsequently, the promoter-lac fusion was ligated to Tn5 in pSUP5011 and was inserted into the genome of A. eutrophus H16 and of the glucose-utilizing mutant H16-G+1 by applying the suicide plasmid technique. Two recombinant strains, H16-cPL and H16-G+1-cPL, which grow with a doubling time of 16–23 h on lactose, were investigated in detail. The cells only utilized the glucose residue of lactose as a carbon source for grouth and excreted galactose into the medium. Only after the Escherichia coli gal operon had been cloned in vector pVK101 and had been mobilized to H16-cPL or H16-G+1-cPL, was lactose completely utilized; no galactose was detected in the medium and the growth yields increased twofold. Depending on the orientation of the gal operon in pVK101, the expression of galactokinase seems to be dependent either on the promoter of aminoglycoside phosphotransferase gene (kan) or on the promoter of the tetR gene.
Offprint requests to: A. Steinbüchel 相似文献