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331.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) has been used for decades to enhance capture of host‐seeking mosquitoes when released in association with traps commonly used by mosquito and vector control agencies. However, there is little published work evaluating the effect of altering CO2 release rates relative to the number of mosquitoes captured in these traps. This study investigated how varying CO2 concentration altered the mosquito collection rate at a freshwater wetlands in southern California. Host‐seeking mosquitoes were captured in CDC‐style traps baited with one of six CO2 release rates ranging from 0–1,495 ml/min from gas cylinders. Species captured were Aedes vexans, Anopheles franciscanus, An. hermsi, Culex erythrothorax, and Cx. tarsalis. A biting midge, Culicoides sonorensis, was also captured. For all species, increasing CO2 release rates resulted in increasing numbers of individual females captured, with the relative magnitude of this increase associated to some extent with known feeding preferences of these species. We found that variation in CO2 release rate can significantly alter mosquito capture rates, potentially leading to imprecise estimates of vector activity if the relationship of CO2 release rate to mosquito capture rate is not considered. 相似文献
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Colin D. Bingle Kirsty Wilson Hayley Lunn Frances A. Barnes Alec S. High William A. Wallace Doris Rassl Michael A. Campos Manuel Ribeiro Lynne Bingle 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2010,133(5):505-515
Long PLUNC1 (LPLUNC1, C20orf114) is a member of a family of poorly described proteins (PLUNCS) expressed in the upper respiratory
tract and oral cavity, which may function in host defence. Although it is one of the most highly expressed genes in the upper
airways and has been identified in sputum and nasal secretions by proteomic studies, localisation of LPLUNC1 protein has not
yet been described. We developed affinity purified antibodies and localised the protein in tissues of the human respiratory
tract, oro- and nasopharynx. We have complemented these studies with analysis of LPLUNC1 expression in primary human lung
cell cultures and used Western blotting to study the protein in cell culture secretions and in BAL. LPLUNC1 is a product of
a population of goblet cells in the airway epithelium and nasal passages and is also present in airway submucosal glands and
minor glands of the oral and nasal cavities. The protein is not expressed in peripheral lung epithelial cells. LPLUNC1 is
present in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid as two glycosylated isoforms and primary airway epithelial cells produce identical
proteins as they undergo mucociliary differentiation. Our results suggest that LPLUNC1 is an abundant, secreted product of
goblet cells and minor mucosal glands of the respiratory tract and oral cavity and suggest that the protein functions in the
complex milieu that protects the mucosal surfaces in these locations. 相似文献
334.
Foot-and-mouth disease virus receptors: comparison of bovine alpha(V) integrin utilization by type A and O viruses 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
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Three members of the alpha(V) integrin family of cellular receptors, alpha(V)beta(1), alpha(V)beta(3), and alpha(V)beta(6), have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in vitro. The virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) amino acid sequence motif located within the betaG-betaH (G-H) loop of VP1. Other alpha(V) integrins, as well as several other integrins, recognize and bind to RGD motifs on their natural ligands and also may be candidate receptors for FMDV. To analyze the roles of the alpha(V) integrins from a susceptible species as viral receptors, we molecularly cloned the bovine beta(1), beta(5), and beta(6) integrin subunits. Using these subunits, along with previously cloned bovine alpha(V) and beta(3) subunits, in a transient expression assay system, we compared the efficiencies of infection mediated by alpha(V)beta(1), alpha(V)beta(3), alpha(V)beta(5), and alpha(V)beta(6) among three strains of FMDV serotype A and two strains of serotype O. While all the viruses could infect cells expressing these integrins, they exhibited different efficiencies of integrin utilization. All the type A viruses used alpha(V)beta(3) and alpha(V)beta(6) with relatively high efficiency, while only one virus utilized alpha(V)beta(1) with moderate efficiency. In contrast, both type O viruses utilized alpha(V)beta(6) and alpha(V)beta(1) with higher efficiency than alpha(V)beta(3). Only low levels of viral replication were detected in alpha(V)beta(5)-expressing cells infected with either serotype. Experiments in which the ligand-binding domains among the beta subunits were exchanged indicated that this region of the integrin subunit appears to contribute to the differences in integrin utilizations among strains. In contrast, the G-H loops of the different viruses do not appear to be involved in this phenomenon. Thus, the ability of the virus to utilize multiple integrins in vitro may be a reflection of the use of multiple receptors during the course of infection within the susceptible host. 相似文献
335.
Characterisation and expression of SPLUNC2, the human orthologue of rodent parotid secretory protein
Lynne Bingle Frances A. Barnes Hayley Lunn Maslinda Musa Steve Webster C. W. Ian Douglas Simon S. Cross Alec S. High Colin D. Bingle 《Histochemistry and cell biology》2009,132(3):339-349
We recently described the Palate Lung Nasal Clone (PLUNC) family of proteins as an extended group of proteins expressed in
the upper airways, nose and mouth. Little is known about these proteins, but they are secreted into the airway and nasal lining
fluids and saliva where, due to their structural similarity with lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and bactericidal/permeability-increasing
protein, they may play a role in the innate immune defence. We now describe the generation and characterisation of novel affinity-purified
antibodies to SPLUNC2, and use them to determine the expression of this, the major salivary gland PLUNC. Western blotting
showed that the antibodies identified a number of distinct protein bands in saliva, whilst immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated
protein expression in serous cells of the major salivary glands and in the ductal lumens as well as in cells of minor mucosal
glands. Antibodies directed against distinct epitopes of the protein yielded different staining patterns in both minor and
major salivary glands. Using RT-PCR of tissues from the oral cavity, coupled with EST analysis, we showed that the gene undergoes
alternative splicing using two 5′ non-coding exons, suggesting that the gene is regulated by alternative promoters. Comprehensive
RACE analysis using salivary gland RNA as template failed to identify any additional exons. Analysis of saliva showed that
SPLUNC2 is subject to N-glycosylation. Thus, our study shows that multiple SPLUNC2 isoforms are found in the oral cavity and
suggest that these proteins may be differentially regulated in distinct tissues where they may function in the innate immune
response. 相似文献
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Fall chinook salmon evolved to emigrate during the summer months. The shift in the temperature preference we observed in smolting fall chinook but not spring chinook salmon may reflect a phylogenetic adaptation to summer emigration by (1) providing directional orientation as fall chinook salmon move into the marine environment, (2) maintaining optimal gill function during emigration and seawater entry, and/or (3) resetting thermoregulatory set-points to support physiological homeostasis once smolted fish enter the marine environment. Phylogenetically determined temperature adaptations and responses to thermal stress may not protect fall chinook salmon from the recent higher summer water temperatures, altered annual thermal regimes, and degraded cold water refugia that result from hydropower regulation of the Columbia and Snake rivers. The long-term survival of fall chinook salmon will likely require restoration of normal annual thermographs and rigorous changes in land use practices to protect critical thermal refugia and control maximum summer water temperatures in reservoirs. 相似文献
340.
Alec D. Bangham 《BioEssays : news and reviews in molecular, cellular and developmental biology》1995,17(12):1081-1088
An autobiographical account of the liposome, from the perplexities of a blood smear to the growth of a multi-million pound business. 相似文献