Citrate-cleavage enzyme, `malic'' enzyme and certain dehydrogenases in embryonic and growing chicks

The activities of several enzymes possibly implicated in lipogenesis were measured in the soluble fraction of homogenates of liver and adipose tissue of embryonic and growing chicks. The activities of adipose-tissue enzymes showed little or no change. The activities of hepatic hexose monophosphate-shunt dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase and NAD-linked α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase also showed little or no change. Isocitrate dehydrogenase activity in liver rose to a peak on the day of hatching and fell to half the peak value during the next 12 days, where it remained to 26 days after hatching. The activities of `malic' enzyme and citrate-cleavage enzyme showed very low stable values in embryonic liver and remarkable rises during the early part of the post-hatching period. An 85-fold increase in the activity of `malic' enzyme activity was completed in 7 days and a 15-fold increase in that of citrate-cleavage enzyme in 5 days. The activities then attained were maintained up to 26 days after hatching. 2. The increases in the activities of hepatic citrate-cleavage enzyme and `malic' enzyme occurred simultaneously with a marked increase in lipogenesis, suggesting a relationship of these enzymes to lipogenesis in chick liver. By contrast, activity of the hexose monophosphate-shunt dehydrogenases does not appear to be thus associated.     

Distribution of gibberellin-like substances in light-and dark-grown seedlings of Phaseolus multiflorus

Summary Lettuce and barley endosperm bioassays of successive eluates from a phosphate-buffered celite column detected two gibberellin-like compunds, Phaseolus I and Phaseolus II, in extracts of both light-and dark-grown seedlings of Phaseolus multiforus. There were differences in the gibberellin content of light-and dark-grown seedlings, the former containing more Phaseolus I but less Phaseolus II than the latter. An examination of the gibberellin content of leaves and apical buds, stems, cotyledons, and roots of light-and dark-grown seedlings revealed distinct qualitative and quantitative differences in the distribution of Phaseolus I and Phaseolus II.     

Carrier Model for Active Transport of Ions across a Mosaic Membrane

The central purpose of this paper is to elucidate in a well defined system the meaning of certain phenomena and concepts associated with the active transport of ions. To this end a specific model for a carrier system which actively transports a single ionic species is analyzed and discussed in detail. It is assumed in this model that the carrier-mediated ionic transport occurs in regions of the membrane physically separate from those regions in which free ionic movement takes place,—coupling between the active and passive regions of the membrane occurring through local current flows. The model is seen to display the following characteristics: (a) Starting from identical solutions on the two sides of the membrane, there is produced a redistribution of ions; (b) with identical solutions on the two sides of the membrane there exists a potential difference across the membrane, i.e., the “pump” is electrogenic; (c) the “short circuit” current for symmetrical solutions is equal to the flux of the neutral ion carrier complex; (d) the rate of active transport (and hence of metabolism) is dependent on the ionic concentrations in the surrounding solutions. Throughout the paper comparison is made between features of the model and properties displayed by biological active transport systems, but there is no claim of an identity between the two.     

The homogenous γG-immunoglobulin produced by mouse plasmacytoma 5563 and its subsequent heterogeneity in serum

The mouse plasma cell tumour 5563 has been shown to synthesize and secrete a single molecular species of gammaG-immunoglobulin, which was identified by labelling with (14)C-labelled amino acids. The heterogeneity of G-myeloma globulin as it is found in serum of tumour-bearing mice is due to subsequent changes in the charge properties of the newly secreted molecules. These changes have been reproduced in vitro. On incubation with sterile serum, the newly formed radioactive myeloma protein changed its chromatographic and electrophoretic properties to coincide with those of myeloma protein isolated from serum. Incubation of purified myeloma protein band a, under a variety of conditions, led to the characteristic pattern of serum myeloma protein showing multiple electrophoretic bands. The chemical nature of the molecular changes is not yet known. It is suggested that seruminduced changes could contribute to the electrophoretic heterogeneity of specific antibodies within the gammaG-class of immunoglobulins. This demonstration of the production of a single molecular species of immunoglobulin by a plasma cell tumour provides support for the concept of ;one-cell-one antibody'.