Calcium-binding protein regucalcin increases calcium-independent proteolytic activity in rat liver cytosol

The effect of regucalcin, isolated from rat liver cytosol, on neutral proteolytic activity in the hepatic cytosol was investigated. The Ca²⁺-requiring proteinase required 5–10 µM Ca²⁺ for maximal activity in the presence of a protein substrate (globin). The proteinase activity was markedly elevated by the addition of regucalcin (0.25–2.0 µM) in the absence or presence of Ca²⁺ (5.0 µM) added. The effect of regucalcin, however, was the greater in the absence of Ca²⁺ than that in the presence. The pronounced effect of regucalcin on the proteinase activity was also seen in the presence of 1.0 mM EGTA with or without Ca²⁺ (5.0 µM). In the absence of Ca²⁺, the regucalcin-increased proteinase activity was clearly inhibited by the presence of anti-regucalcin antiserum (diluted to 240-fold), leupeptin (20 and 200 µg/ml), and heavy metals (25 µM cadmium or 25 µM zinc), although the inhibition was not complete at the concentration used. The present findings suggest that regucalcin increases proteolytic activity in rat liver cytosol, and that regucalcin may activate Ca²⁺-independent neutral cysteinyl-proteinase.     

Platinum-supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes modified by ferrocene and its derivatives

The biferrocene-containing Schiff base complexes (1) and (2) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and spectral data. The Pt-supported Bilayer Lipid Membranes (BLMs) modified by ferrocene and its derivatives were studied by cyclic voltametry (CV) and the electrochemical properties of this system are reported. The oxidation mechanism of electrocatalysis of ascorbic acid on the Pt-supported BLMs is discussed.     

Requirement of heat-labile cytoplasmic protein factors for posttranslational translocation of OmpA protein precursors into Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.

The involvement of possible cytoplasmic factors in ATP-dependent postttranslational translocation of proteins into Escherichia coli membrane vesicles was examined. The precursor of OmpA protein was partially purified by DEAE-cellulose chromatography, and its translocation was found to require material from the soluble cytoplasmic fraction. The fractionated active cytoplasmic translocation factor (CTF) was protease sensitive, micrococcal nuclease insensitive, N-ethylmaleimide resistant, and heat labile. The heat sensitivity of the CTF allowed its specific and preferential inactivation in the crude-precursor synthesis mixture, which provided a simple and rapid assay procedure for the factor during purification. Two active fractions were detected upon further fractionation: the major one was about 8S in sucrose gradient centrifugation and 120 kilodaltons by Sephadex filtration, whereas the other was about 4S and 60 kilodaltons in sucrose gradient centrifugation and by Sephadex filtration, respectively. The active fractions could also be fractionated by DEAE-Sepharose chromatography. These CTFs are apparently different from the previously reported 12S export factor (M. Muller and G. Blobel, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81:7737-7741, 1984).     

Sodium-pump activity and its inhibition by extracellular calcium in cardiac myocytes of guinea pigs

Myocardial sodium-pump activity was examined from ouabain-sensitive ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake using myocytes isolated from guinea-pig heart. Either sodium loading or the sodium ionophore, monensin, increased ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake by over 400%, indicating that the amount of Na⁺ available to the pump is the primary determinant of its activity, and that the sodium pump has a substantial reserve capacity in quiescent myocytes. Moreover, the degree of the above stimulation is markedly higher than corresponding values reported with multicellular preparations, suggesting that diffusion barriers make it impossible to observe the capacity of the sodium pump in the latter preparations. Removal of extracellular Ca²⁺ increased ouabain-sensitive ⁸⁶Rb⁺ uptake, probably by enhancing turnover of the sodium pump rather than increasing availability of Na⁺ to the pump.     

Evolutionary Divergence in the Structure of Myelin Basic Protein: Comparison of Chondrichthye Basic Proteins with Those from Higher Vertebrates

Abstract: A basic protein has been purified from the CNS myelin of the gummy shark (Mustelus antarticus). Electroblotting was used to examine the capacity of rabbit antisera raised against this electrophoretically pure protein to recognize myelin basic protein from higher vertebrates. The antisera bound to two shark proteins including the original polypeptide antigen and to chicken, bovine, and human myelin basic proteins. Thus, the shark protein appeared to possess antigenic determinants that have been retained through evolutionary divergence of these proteins. Whereas bovine basic protein caused experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in guinea pigs, animals that received injections of the shark protein showed neither clinical nor histological signs of this disease. However, tests for delayed-type hypersensitivity and for Arthus reaction following injection with the shark protein revealed a T-cell-mediated response to this antigen and substantial cross-reactivity with higher vertebrate basic proteins. Analysis of the amino acid composition of the shark protein, and comparison of its tryptic peptide map with that of the bovine protein, revealed substantial changes in the amino acid sequence. Although the shark protein has some antigenic determinants in common with the proteins from higher vertebrates, it appears that much of the structure differs.     

Alkaline phosphatase and OmpA protein can be translocated posttranslationally into membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli.

We previously described a system for translocating the periplasmic enzyme alkaline phosphatase and the outer membrane protein OmpA into inverted membrane vesicles of Escherichia coli. We have now optimized and substantially improved the translocation system by including polyamines and by reducing the amount of membrane used. Under these conditions, efficient translocation was seen even posttranslationally, i.e., when vesicles were not added until after protein synthesis was stopped. This was the case not only with the OmpA protein, which is synthesized by free polysomes and hence is presumably exported posttranslationally in the cell, but also with alkaline phosphatase, which is synthesized only by membrane-bound polysomes and has been shown to be secreted cotranslationally in the cells. Prolonged incubation rendered the precursors inactive for subsequent translocation. Posttranslational translocation was impaired, like cotranslational translocation, by inhibitors of the proton motive force and by treatment of the vesicles with protease. Since it appears that E. coli can translocate the same proteins either cotranslationally or posttranslationally, the cotranslational mode may perhaps be more efficient, but not obligatory, for the secretion of bacterial proteins.     

Changes in prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis and their catabolic enzyme activity in kidneys of aging rats

The effects of aging on the prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis and prostaglandin catabolic enzyme activity in rat kidney were investigated. The prostacyclin biosynthesis, using arachidonic acid as substrate, was the greatest in young kidneys (2 months old) and then progressively decreased in mature (12 months old) and old (24 months old) kidneys, while thromboxane biosynthetic activity showed no significant change as a function of age. When prostaglandin H2 was used as substrate, the prostacyclin and thromboxane biosynthesis showed similar results as when arachidonic acid was used as substrate; the prostacyclin biosynthesis progressively decreased and thromboxane biosynthesis showed no significant change as a function of age. The fatty acid cyclooxygenase in kidney was measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. No significant change in renal fatty acid cyclooxygenase as a function of age was found. Thus, we concluded that the progressive decrease in renal prostacyclin biosynthesis as a function of age is due to a defect in prostacyclin synthetase in aged kidneys. The prostaglandin catabolic enzyme, NAD+-dependent 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, in kidneys was also investigated. The enzyme activity progressively decreased as a function of age, which suggested a decrease in the metabolism of thromboxane A2 in aged kidneys. The present results, indicating a decrease in renal prostacyclin biosynthesis and renal 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase activity with aging, might contribute to a plausible explanation of the progressive decrease in renal functions in the elderly.     

Localization and quantitation of proteins characteristic of the complexed membrane of Bacillus subtilis

We prepared antibodies to four proteins (molecular weights, 68,000, 64,000, 45,000, and 31,000) that are characteristic of the complexed (ribosome-bearing) fraction of the membrane of Bacillus subtilis and found that these proteins are immunologically distinct. Quantitation by immunoprecipitation confirmed that the ribosome-free membrane fraction contains much lower concentrations of these four proteins than the complexed-membrane fraction. The 64-kilodalton protein appeared to be attached more loosely than the other proteins, since it was more readily extracted from the membrane. In addition, this protein was also present in the cytosol in an even greater amount than in the membrane. The 68-, 64-, and 31-kilodalton proteins are present in cells in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts.     

Binding sites for monoclonal antibodies and for mRNPs on SV40 large T-antigen determined with a cleavage map

Immune complexes of simian virus 40 large T-antigen with monoclonal papovavirus protein antibodies PAb 416, PAb 402, or PAb 423 were bound to protein-A-Sepharose and then cleaved into discrete fragments by limited tryptic proteolysis. PAb 402 protected a specific cleavage site, located approximately within amino acid residues 450-500, from tryptic proteolysis; PAb 423 protected another site within residues 675-699. As shown by immunoblotting, 125I-labeled PAb 416 was bound to a 17-kDa N-terminal fragment of large T-antigen (amino acid residues 1-130), and PAb 423 was bound to several overlapping fragments derived from the C terminus of large T-antigen. These monoclonal antibodies were then used as accessibility probes to study the interaction of mRNPs with cytoplasmic large T-antigen. Whereas small T-antigen and nuclear large T-antigen were fully immunoreactive, cytoplasmic large T-antigen reacted poorly with PAb 402 or polyclonal antibodies unless the mRNP moiety was removed by treatment with EDTA/RNase A. In contrast, mRNP/T-antigen complexes were fully immunoreactive with PAb 416 or PAb 423 and did not require treatment with EDTA/RNase A. The results suggest that the binding site of PAb 402 is blocked due to the interaction with mRNPs whereas the N-terminal binding site of PAb 416 and the C-terminal binding site of PAb 423 remain accessible to antibodies.     

A model for the tertiary structure of transfer ribonucleic acids

In view of the possible changes of the structure of DNA at different relative humidities, a similar model for tRNA is proposed. In the native form, the sugar phosphate backbone folds repeatedly on itself resulting in a circular rod structure of about 50 Å in length and about 25 Å in diameter. Both the amino-acyl end and the anticodon site are surrounded by segments of base sequences common to different tRNA’s.