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51.
Treatment of 2,5-anhydro-1-bromo-1-deoxy-2,3-O-isopropylidene-1-p-nitrophenylhydrazono-d-ribose with methyl acetylenecarboxylate gave methyl 3-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythrofuranosyl)-1-p-nitrophenylpyrazole- (8) and 5-carboxylate (9). Amidification at C-5 of 8 was easier than at C-4 of 9. Similarly, dimethyl 3-(2,3-O-isopropylidene-β-d-erythrofuranosyl)- 1 - p-nitrophenylpyrazole-4,5-dicarboxylate gave specifically a 5-carbamoyl derivative, the structure of which was established by comparison of the 13C-n.m.r.spectrum with those of a series of glycosylpyrazoles. The correlation between the experimental values of the chemical shifts of the carbon atoms of the pyrazole ring and the values calculated by addition of the contributions of the various groups linked to the ring was better (R 0.98) than the correlations obtained by calculation by the CNDO/2 method of the total electron population (R 0.92) or of the π-electron population of each carbon atom (R 0.85). 相似文献
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Tadeu Siqueira Luis Mauricio Bini Fabio Oliveira Roque Sheyla Regina Marques Couceiro Susana Trivinho‐Strixino Karl Cottenie 《Ecography》2012,35(2):183-192
Ecologists have long investigated why communities are composed of a few common species and many rare species. Most studies relate rarity to either niche differentiation among species or spatial processes. There is a parallel between these processes and the processes proposed to explain the structure of metacommunities. Based on a metacommunity perspective and on data on stream macroinvertebrates from different regions of Brazil, we answer two questions. 1) Are sets of common and rare species affected by similar niche and spatial processes? 2) How does the community composition of common and of rare species differ? The main hypothesis we test is that common species are mainly affected by environmental factors, whereas rare species are mostly influenced by dispersal limitation. We used variation partitioning to determine the proportion of variation explained by the environment and space in common and rare species matrices. Contrary to our expectations, evidence supported the idea that both common and rare species are affected mainly by environmental factors, even after controlling for the differing information content between common and rare species matrices. Moreover, the abundance of some common species is also a good predictor of variation in rare species matrices. Niche differences are unlikely to be the sole cause of patterns of rarity in these metacommunities. We suggest that sets of common and rare species react to similar major environmental gradients and that rare species also respond to processes that operate at a more fine‐grained spatial scale, particularly biotic interactions. We extend the view that species sorting is the dominant process structuring metacommunities and argue that future studies focusing on rarity would benefit from a metacommunity perspective. 相似文献
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Hélène Cheap Sophie Bernad Valérie Derrien László Gerencsér Julia Tandori Pedro de Oliveira Deborah K. Hanson Péter Maróti Pierre Sebban 《BBA》2009,1787(12):1505-1515
Bacterial reaction centers use light energy to couple the uptake of protons to the successive semi-reduction of two quinones, namely QA and QB. These molecules are situated symmetrically in regard to a non-heme iron atom. Four histidines and one glutamic acid, M234Glu, constitute the five ligands of this atom. By flash-induced absorption spectroscopy and delayed fluorescence we have studied in the M234EH and M234EL variants the role played by this acidic residue on the energetic balance between the two quinones as well as in proton uptake. Delayed fluorescence from the P+QA? state (P is the primary electron donor) and temperature dependence of the rate of P+QA? charge recombination that are in good agreement show that in the two RC variants, both QA? and QB? are destabilized by about the same free energy amount: respectively ~ 100 ± 5 meV and 90 ± 5 meV for the M234EH and M234EL variants, as compared to the WT. Importantly, in the M234EH and M234EL variants we observe a collapse of the high pH band (present in the wild-type reaction center) of the proton uptake amplitudes associated with formation of QA? and QB?. This band has recently been shown to be a signature of a collective behaviour of an extended, multi-entry, proton uptake network. M234Glu seems to play a central role in the proton sponge-like system formed by the RC protein. 相似文献
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Gabrielle Thiébaut Guillaume Tixier François Guérold Serge Muller 《Hydrobiologia》2006,570(1):159-164
The aim of our study was to assess the water quality of the upper Moselle river by using biological indices. Simultaneous
physico-chemical surveys were also undertaken from May 1999 to April 2000. Twelve sampling sites were selected in order to
provide a wide range of potential pollution. Chemical analysis did not reveal any major problem of pollution. However a lower
water quality resulting from domestic pollution was established for some sampling sites. A biological monitoring combining
both macroinvertebrates and macrophytes was performed. Biological indices based on plant community structure and macrophyte
composition were not pertinent tools, whereas simple indices based on taxonomic richness of particular groups of macroinvertebrates
were strongly correlated with several chemical parameters, showing that such simple biological variables should represent
powerful indicators of ecosystem degradation. 相似文献