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101.
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103.
Anna Nasulewicz Andrzej Mazur Adam Opolski 《Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology》2004,18(1):1-8
The formation of new blood vessels is the initial step in progressive tumour development and metastasis. The first stage in tumour angiogenesis is the activation of endothelial cells. Copper ions stimulate proliferation and migration of endothelial cells. It has been shown that serum copper concentration increases as the cancer disease progresses and correlates with tumour incidence and burden. Copper ions also activate several proangiogenic factors, e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1. This review concerns a brief introduction into the basics of tumour blood vessel development as well as the regulatory mechanisms of this process. The role of copper ions in tumour angiogenesis is discussed. The new antiangiogenic therapies based on a reduction of copper levels in tumour microenvironment are reviewed. 相似文献
104.
Carbon : nitrogen : phosphorus (C : N : P) stoichiometry can underlie physiological and life history characteristics that shape ecological interactions. Despite its potential importance, there is much to learn about the causes and consequences of stoichiometric variation in terrestrial consumers. Here we show that treehoppers (Publilia modesta) tended by ants (Formica obscuripes) contained lower N concentrations than treehoppers on plants from which ants were excluded. Ant presence also affected nutrient concentrations in host plants: on plants with ants, leaves contained uniformly low concentrations of N; on plants without ants, N concentrations were low only in the few leaves fed upon by treehoppers at the time of collection. We suggest treehopper feeding reduces leaf nutrient levels and ants positively affect treehopper abundance, producing a top–down effect on plant quality. Determining the causes of these stoichiometric changes should help elucidate factors guiding the dynamics of conditional mutualisms between ants and homopterans. 相似文献
105.
Measuring Success: Evaluating the Restoration of a Grassy Eucalypt Woodland on the Cumberland Plain, Sydney, Australia 总被引:10,自引:0,他引:10
Abstract We compared the floristic composition and structure of restoration areas of eucalypt woodland with untreated pasture (control) and remnant vegetation (reference) in western Sydney. The restored areas comprised over 1,000 ha of abandoned pasture, which had been treated to reduce weeds and planted with seedlings of 26 native plant species raised from seed obtained locally from remnant vegetation. Plantings were carried out 0–9 years ago. Floristic composition was measured in quadrats using frequency scores and cover abundance. As far as possible treatments and restoration ages were replicated across sites. Ordination and analyses of similarity failed to distinguish the composition of restored vegetation from that of untreated pasture, which were both significantly different from that of remnant vegetation. There was a weak compositional trend with age of restored vegetation, but this was not in the direction of increasing resemblance to remnant vegetation. There was some evidence for convergence in structural features of restored with remnant vegetation, but this was at least partly attributed to plant growth. Subject to constraints imposed by the sampling design, environmental factors, and spatial variation were discounted as explanations for the results. The results therefore suggest either failure of restoration treatments or a restoration trajectory that is too slow to detect within 10 years of establishment. Our conclusions agree with those of similar studies in other ecosystems and support: (1) the need to monitor restoration projects against ecological criteria with rigorous sampling designs and analytical methods, (2) further development of restoration methods, and (3) regulatory approaches that seek to prevent damage to ecosystems rather than those predicated on replacing losses with reconstructed ecosystems. 相似文献
106.
J.-H. Li W. A. Dugas† G. J. Hymus D. P. Johnson C. R. Hinkle‡ B. G. Drake B. A. Hungate§ 《Global Change Biology》2003,9(1):96-105
Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (Ca) usually reduces stomatal conductance, but the effects on plant transpiration in the field are not well understood. Using constant‐power sap flow gauges, we measured transpiration from Quercus myrtifolia Willd., the dominant species of the Florida scrub‐oak ecosystem, which had been exposed in situ to elevated Ca (350 µmol mol ? 1 above ambient) in open‐top chambers since May 1996. Elevated Ca reduced average transpiration per unit leaf area by 37%, 48% and 49% in March, May and October 2000, respectively. Temporarily reversing the Ca treatments showed that at least part of the reduction in transpiration was an immediate, reversible response to elevated Ca. However, there was also an apparent indirect effect of Ca on transpiration: when transpiration in all plants was measured under common Ca, transpiration in elevated Ca‐grown plants was lower than that in plants grown in normal ambient Ca. Results from measurements of stomatal conductance (gs), leaf area index (LAI), canopy light interception and correlation between light and gs indicated that the direct, reversible Ca effect on transpiration was due to changes in gs caused by Ca, and the indirect effect was caused mainly by greater self‐shading resulting from enhanced LAI, not from stomatal acclimation. By reducing light penetration through the canopy, the enhanced self‐shading at elevated Ca decreased stomatal conductance and transpiration of leaves at the middle and bottom of canopy. This self‐shading mechanism is likely to be important in ecosystems where LAI increases in response to elevated Ca. 相似文献
107.
Graham J. Hymus David P. Johnson Sabina Dore† Hans P. Anderson C. Ross Hinkle‡ Bert G. Drake 《Global Change Biology》2003,9(12):1802-1812
We report the results of a 2‐year study of effects of the elevated (current ambient plus 350 μmol CO2 mol?1) atmospheric CO2 concentration (Ca) on net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of a scrub–oak ecosystem. The measurements were made in open‐top chambers (OTCs) modified to function as open gas‐exchange systems. The OTCs enclosed samples of the ecosystem (ca. 10 m2 surface area) that had regenerated after a fire, 5 years before, in either current ambient or elevated Ca. Throughout the study, elevated Ca increased maximum NEE (NEEmax) and the apparent quantum yield of the NEE (φNEE) during the photoperiod. The magnitude of the stimulation of NEEmax, expressed per unit ground area, was seasonal, rising from 50% in the winter to 180% in the summer. The key to this stimulation was effects of elevated Ca, and their interaction with the seasonal changes in the environment, on ecosystem leaf area index, photosynthesis and respiration. The separation of these factors was difficult. When expressed per unit leaf area the stimulation of the NEEmax ranged from 7% to 60%, with the increase being dependent on increasing soil water content (Wsoil). At night, the CO2 effluxes from the ecosystem (NEEnight) were on an average 39% higher in elevated Ca. However, the increase varied between 6% and 64%, and had no clear seasonality. The partitioning of NEEnight into its belowground (Rbelow) and aboveground (Rabove) components was carried out in the winter only. A 35% and 27% stimulation of NEEnight in December 1999 and 2000, respectively, was largely due to a 26% and 28% stimulation of Rbelow in the respective periods, because Rbelow constituted ca. 87% of NEEnight. The 37% and 42% stimulation of Rabove in December 1999 and 2000, respectively, was less than the 65% and 80% stimulation of the aboveground biomass by elevated Ca at these times. An increase in the relative amount of the aboveground biomass in woody tissue, combined with a decrease in the specific rate of stem respiration of the dominant species Quercus myrtifolia in elevated Ca, was responsible for this effect. Throughout this study, elevated Ca had a greater effect on carbon uptake than on carbon loss, in terms of both the absolute flux and relative stimulation. Consequently, for this scrub–oak ecosystem carbon sequestration was greater in the elevated Ca during this 2‐year study period. 相似文献
108.
109.
Irina Zaitseva Vjacheslav Zaitsev Graeme Card Kirill Moshkov Benjamin Bax Adam Ralph Peter Lindley 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》1996,1(1):15-23
The X-ray structure of human serum ceruloplasmin has been solved at a resolution of 3.1?Å. The structure reveals that the molecule is comprised of six plastocyanin-type domains arranged in a triangular array. There are six copper atoms; three form a trinuclear cluster sited at the interface of domains 1 and 6, and there are three mononuclear sites in domains 2, 4 and 6. Each of the mononuclear coppers is coordinated to a cysteine and two histidine residues, and those in domains 4 and 6 also coordinate to a methionine residue; in domain 2, the methionine is replaced by a leucine residue which may form van der Waals type contacts with the copper. The trinuclear centre and the mononuclear copper in domain 6 form a cluster essentially the same as that found in ascorbate oxidase, strongly suggesting an oxidase role for ceruloplasmin in the plasma. 相似文献