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851.
Acorn dispersal estimated by radio-tracking 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Bird-dispersed seeds are difficult to track, especially in the case of long-distance dispersal events. To estimate the oak
dispersal distance and the seed shadow generated by the European jay (Garrulus glandarius), we inserted radio-transmitters in 239 acorns, placed them in bird-feeders and then located them by radio-tracking. Using
this methodology we located the exact caching site of 94 Quercus ilex and 54 Q. suber acorns and determined the caching habitat characteristics (vegetation type, distance, spatial distribution). The results
show that: (1) there is no differences in the dispersal distance distribution between the different acorn species or sizes,
(2) dispersal distances range from approximately 3 m up to approximately 550 m (mean = 68.6 m; median = 49.2 m), (3) recently
abandoned fields and forest tracks were the sites preferred by jays to cache acorns, whereas fields and shrublands were avoided
and (4) seed shadows showed acorn aggregation zones (i.e. clusters of caches) close to the feeder as well as isolated caches
at longer distances. The results also suggest that radio-transmitters are a cheap and reliable way to determine seed shadows
and quantify both seed dispersal and post-dispersal seed predation for medium to large seeds. 相似文献
852.
Vincent J. Tepedino Trent R. Toler Brosi A. Bradley Jessica L. Hawk Terry L. Griswold 《Plant Ecology》2007,193(1):59-69
We studied the breeding system and flower visitors of the endangered plant, Penstemon haydenii, at several south-central Wyoming, USA occurrences. In agreement with earlier studies of the species 300 km to the east in
Nebraska, we found Wyoming plants to be self-incompatible and pollinator-dependent for sexual reproduction. Flower visitors
were several species of native bees in the families Apidae (particularly bumblebees), Halictidae (small sweat bees), and Megachilidae
(especially in the genus Osmia); and the masarid wasp Pseudomasaris vespoides. Especially important was Osmia brevis, an abundant megachilid bee, and one of only two species (the sweat bee Lasioglossum (Dialictus) pruinosum was the other) present at all five sites. As in Nebraska, fruit set did not differ between our experimental cross-pollination
treatment and an open-pollinated control. However, unlike Nebraska, open-pollinated treatments in Wyoming produced significantly
fewer seeds per fruit than the experimental out-crossing treatment. We discuss several possible explanations for seed limitation:
(1) a scarcity of pollinators early in the flowering season; (2) resource competition for developing ovules on open-pollinated
inflorescences but not on experimental inflorescences; (3) the deposition of self pollen through intra-inflorescence and intra-genet
pollinator movements; (4) few S-alleles and mating types in the Wyoming metapopulation compared to the Nebraska metapopulation,
from which it likely derives. 相似文献
853.
Claude E. Steck Matthias Bürgi Thomas Coch Peter Duelli 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2007,16(7):2075-2086
The success of the hotspot approach for biodiversity conservation depends on the spatial scale and the indicator species used.
In this study, we investigated grasshopper species richness in Switzerland at a 1 ha resolution including a total of 111 species.
We compared the representativeness of common and of endangered grasshopper species for the overall grasshopper species richness
and we assessed the efficiency of the hotspot approach for grasshopper conservation. The pattern of overall grasshopper species
richness was well represented by both the number of common and the number of endangered grasshopper species. For evaluating
the efficiency of different hotspot approaches for conservation, we compared hotspots of common species, hotspots of endangered
species (rarity hotspots), and hotspots of all grasshopper species (richness hotspots). Among these hotspot types, richness
hotspots not only featured most common grasshopper species, but they even contained more endangered species than the rarity
hotspots. The combination of rarity hotspots and hotspots of common species featured more species than the other combinations
of hotspot types. However, the gain of combining two hotspot types compared to the single-hotspot approach was low (max. 3
species). About 24% of the species were not contained in any of the hotspots. These grasshopper species require species-specific
action plans. As rarity hotspots were located in areas that are rather strongly affected by landscape change, species richness
in rarity hotspots may decrease in the future. We conclude that, for grasshoppers, the hotspot approach on the 1 ha scale
can be an effective way to conserve a high proportion of species richness. 相似文献
854.
An S-adenosylmethionine synthetase gene (metK) from Streptomyces spectabilis was cloned into an expression plasmid under the control of an inducible T7 promoter and introduced into a strain of Escherichia coli (BAP1(pBP130/pBP144)) capable of producing the polyketide product 6-deoxyerythronolide B (6-dEB). The metK coexpression in BAP1(pBP130/pBP144) improved the specific production of 6-dEB from 10.86 to 20.08 mg l−1
. In an effort to probe the reason for this improvement, a series of gene deletion and expression experiments were conducted
based on a metK metabolic pathway that branches between propionyl-CoA (a 6-dEB precursor) and autoinducer compounds. The deletion and expression
studies suggested that the autoinducer pathway had a larger impact on improved 6-dEB biosynthesis. Supporting these results
were experiments demonstrating the positive effect conditioned media (the suspected location of the autoinducer compounds)
had on 6-dEB production. Taken together, the results of this study show an increase in heterologous 6-dEB production concomitant
with heterologous metK gene expression and suggest that the mechanism for this improvement is linked to native autoinducer compounds. 相似文献
855.
Jesús Iván Murillo-Álvarez Gustavo Hernández-Carmona 《Journal of applied phycology》2007,19(5):545-548
The marine waters of the Baja California peninsula (Mexico) are a rich source of brown seaweeds with a great potential for
exploitation. For that reason, Sargassum sinicola, Eisenia arborea, and Macrocystis pyrifera collected from different locations were subjected to extraction of sodium alginate using a pilot-plant scale process developed
in our facilities. The composition and sequence parameters of the recovered alginate were studied by infrared and nuclear
magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The spectral analysis of the products revealed that sodium alginate from S. sinicola contains a greater proportion of guluronate monomers (64%) than that from E. arborea (48%), and M. pyrifera (38%). Computation of the frequencies of diads and triads indicated that the alginate from S. sinicola was constructed by intercalated guluronate-blocks of 14 residues in length. In contrast, the length of the G-block in the
alginates from E. arborea and M. pyrifera were 7 and 4 residues, respectively. The results show that S. sinicola, E. arborea, and M. pyrifera are sources of sodium alginate with different mannuronate/guluronate ratios, as well as a varied building-block length. In
consequence, aqueous dispersions of sodium alginate from the three studied species are expected to exhibit different physical
properties. 相似文献
856.
Kazuhiro Nakaya 《Ichthyological Research》1988,34(4):431-442
Data on the individual variation and changes with growth in proportions and morphology are presented for the poorly known Apristurus longicephalus, and compared with those of other species. A. longicephalus is concluded to be a distinct species without synonyms, characterized by its long snout, widely separate nostrils, long caudal fin, short abdomen, very sparse teeth, and low number of monospondylous vertebrae. It is a species of small size, maturing at about 42 cm in total length. 相似文献
857.
Yifeng Miao Yongming Qiu Yuchang Lin Zengli Miao Jing Zhang Xiaojie Lu 《Molecular biology reports》2011,38(5):3235-3242
Pyruvate, an endogenous metabolite of glycolysis, is an anti-toxicity agent. Recent studies have suggested possible roles
for pyruvate in protecting CNS neurons from excitotoxic and metabolic insults. Utilizing cultures derived from embryonic rat
cortex, the studies presented in this paper indicate that an astroglia-mediated mechanism is involved in the neuroprotective
effects of pyruvate against glutamate toxicity. Glutamate-induced toxicity could be reversed by pyruvate in a mixed culture
of cortex cells. Importantly, in pure neuronal cultures from the same tissue, pyruvate failed to protect against glutamate
toxicity. Addition of astroglia to the pure neuronal cultures restores the ability of pyruvate to protect neurons from glutamate-induced
toxicity. Our results further suggest that pyruvate can induce glia to up-regulate the synthesis of glutathione (GSH), an
antioxidant that protects cells from toxins such as free radicals. Taken together, our data suggest that astroglia in mixed
cultures are essential for mediating the effects of pyruvate, revealing a novel mechanism by which pyruvate, an important
intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle in the body, may act to protect neurons from damage during insults such as brain
ischemia. 相似文献
858.
To determine the species of the yeast-like symbionts (YLS) in the brown planthoppers (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, YLS were first isolated and purified by ultracentrifugation from the fat bodies of BPH, and then 18S rDNA and internal transcribed
spacer (ITS)–5.8S rDNA sequences of YLS were amplified with the different general primers for fungi. The results showed that
the two different 18S and ITS–5.8S rDNA sequences of YLS were obtained. One 2291-bp DNA sequence, which contained 18S and
ITS–5.8S rDNA, showed the high similarity to Cryptococcus and was named Cryp-Like symbiotes. Another 1248-bp DNA sequence, which contained a part of 18S and ITS–5.8S rDNA, showed the high similarity
to Pichia guilliermondii and was named Pichia-Like symbiotes. It was further proved that Cryp- and Pichia-Like symbiotes existed in BPH through nested PCR with specific primers for two symbiotes and in situ hybridization analysis
using digoxigenin-labeled probes. Our results showed that BPH harbored more than one species of eukaryotic YLS, which suggested
that diversity of fungal endosymbiotes may be occurred in planthoppers, just like bacterial endosymbiotes. 相似文献
859.
Ghada Baraket Khaled Chatti Olfa Saddoud Ahmed Ben Abdelkarim Messaoud Mars Mokhtar Trifi Amel Salhi Hannachi 《Plant Molecular Biology Reporter》2011,29(1):171-184
This study characterises the genetic variability of fig, Ficus carica L., using simple sequence repeat (SSR) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. It compares the efficiency
and utility of the two techniques in detecting variation and establishing genetic relationships among Tunisian fig cultivars.
Our results show that using both marker systems, the Tunisian fig germ plasm is characterised by having a large genetic diversity
at the deoxyribonucleic acid level, as most of AFLP bands were detected and all SSR markers were polymorphic. In fact, 351
(342 polymorphic) and 57 (57 polymorphic) bands were detected using AFLP and SSR primers, respectively. SSR markers were the
most polymorphic with an average polymorphic information content value of 0.94, while AFLP markers showed the highest effective
multiplex ratio (56.9) and marker index (45.2). The effective marker index was recorded highest (4.19) for AFLP markers and
lowest (0.70) for the SSR ones. Our results demonstrate that (1) independent as well as combined analyses of cluster analyses
of SSR and AFLP fragments showed that cultivars are clustered independently from their geographical origin, horticultural
classifications and tree sex; (2) the analysis of molecular variance allowed the partitioning of genetic variation within
and among fig groups and showed greater variation within groups and (3) AFLP and SSR markers datasets showed positive correlation.
This study suggests the SSR and AFLP markers are suitable for diversity analysis and cultivars fingerprinting. An understanding
of the genetic diversity and population structure of F. carica in Tunisia can also provide insight into the conservation and management of this species. 相似文献
860.