Effect of saliva from sheep that have ingested quebracho tannins on the in vitro rumen fermentation activity to digest tannin-containing shrubs

This work was designed to assess the nutritional influence of pre-incubation in saliva on in vitro fermentative activity when some tanniniferous shrubs were incubated in batch cultures of mixed ruminal microorganisms. Saliva was collected from eight Merino sheep allocated in two experimental groups, namely control (SC) and quebracho (SQ) groups fed one kg alfalfa hay daily. Sheep of SQ group were given daily alfalfa hay supplemented with 50 g quebracho/kg dry matter for 60 days, whereas sheep of SC group were always given unsupplemented alfalfa hay. Foliage of six shrub species (Cytisus scoparius (Scotch broom), Genista florida (Iberian silver-leaved broom), Rosa canina (wild dog rose), Quercus pyrenaica (hoary oak), Cistus laurifolius (laurel-leaved rock-rose) and Erica australis (Spanish heath)) was collected from uplands in the province of León (Norwest Spain) in spring and in summer/autumn and used in the study. Samples were pre-incubated in each saliva source for 4 h at 39 °C, followed by an incubation in buffered rumen fluid to determine their in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVD) and gas production kinetics. For all treatments, rumen fluid was obtained from sheep of control group. Regardless the large differences among the plant browse species used in the study in their tannin contents, IVD and rate and extent of degradation (based on gas production parameters), there were no significant differences between SC and SQ saliva in any of the variables studied. Accordingly, it was suggested that sheep supplemented with quebracho tannins did not produce salivary proteins to protect against negative effects of tannins on digestion of plant material, and that the feedback mechanism may not have evolved or may have become lost. Further studies on the effect of tannins on saliva chemical composition in sheep would be timely.     

Quercetin prevents myocardial infarction adverse remodeling in rats by attenuating TGF-β1/Smad3 signaling: Different mechanisms of action

This study investigated the anti-remodeling and anti-fibrotic and effect of quercetin (QUR) in the remote non-infarcted of rats after myocardial infarction (MI). Rats were divided as control, control + QUR, MI, and MI + QUR. MI was introduced to the rats by ligating the eft anterior descending (LAD) coronary artery. All treatments were given for 30 days, daily. QUR persevered the LV hemodynamic parameters and prevented remote myocardium damage and fibrosis. Also, QUR supressed the generation of ROS, increased the nuclear levels of Nrf2, and enhanced SOD and GSH levels in the LVs of the control and MI model rats. It also reduced angiotensin II, nuclear level/activity of the nuclear factor NF-κβ p65, and protein expression of TGF-β1, α-SMA, and total/phospho-smad3 in the LVs of both groups. Concomitantly, QUR upregulated LV smad7 and BMP7. In conclusion, QUR prevents MI-induced LV remodeling by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibroticα effects mediated by ROS scavenging, suppressing NF-κβ, and stimulating Nrf-2, Smad7, and BMP7.     

Studies on the cholinesterases inhibiting compounds from the Cassiopea andromeda venom

Cholinesterase inhibitors find application in the combat and care of several diseases, especially AD. Jellyfish venoms are the most promising sources of potent cholinesterase inhibitors. Therefore, it is of interest to study cholinesterases inhibiting compounds from the Cassiopea andromeda venom. We report bioactive compounds using the GC-MC method followed by molecular modeling and docking data analysis. The GC-MS analysis of the crude venom led to the identification of seven bioactive compounds (C1-C7), comprising the steroidal alkaloids, phenolic and carotenoid derivatives. The venom exhibited inhibitory activities against the cholinesterase enzymes. The compound C2, a Dioxolane steroid, displayed the strongest inhibition on both AChE and BChE activities for further consideration.     

Identification of genetic defects underlying FVII deficiency in 10 patients belonging to eight unrelated families of the North provinces from Tunisia

ABSTRACT: Inherited factor VII (FVII) deficiency is a rare disorder characterized by a bleeding phenotype varying from mild to severe. To date, more than 200 mutations have been described along the F7 gene encoding for FVII. The aim of this study was the identification of genetic defects underlying FVII deficiency in 10 patients belonging to eight unrelated families of the North provinces from Tunisia. Mutation detection was performed by sequencing the whole F7 gene coding region, exon-intron boundaries and about 400 bp of the promoter region. We identified 5 mutations in five unrelated families; the novel p.F328Y mutation and the reported mutations: p.R304Q, p.M298I, IVS1aG > A and nt1005C > T. For the remaining 5 patients we didn't identified any mutations using PCR/Sequencing protocol. In conclusion, this study represents the first comprehensive molecular series of FVII deficiency affected patients in Tunisia from the North. We will try in the future to continue the molecular study for Tunisian patients from Center and South provinces in order to have a complete idea about the FVII deficiency mutational profile in our country. Virtual slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/1288044089753085.     

Seasonality of the endogenous activity rhythm in Talitrus saltator (Montagu) from a sandy beach in northeastern Tunisia

The endogenous activity of the sandhopper Talitrus saltator (Montagu) has been investigated in a population from a relatively exposed beach in northeast Tunisia. The animals were found to exhibit a nocturnal circadian rhythm of locomotor activity, with no evidence of a circatidal component. The rhythm was monitored in individual animals over the four seasons, under constant laboratory conditions and seasonal variation in free-running period; the signal-to-noise ratio and waveform of the rhythm have been investigated, as well as the incidence of rhythmic animals in the population. The variation in these rhythm parameters is considered in relation to changes in environmental conditions prevailing at the site of collection.     

Mode of action and determination of antioxidant activity in the dietary sources: An overview

Determination of antioxidant/capacity in the dietary, food, drugs, and biological samples is an interesting approach for testing the safety of these compounds and for drug development. Investigating the google searching engines for the words (measurement + antioxidant + capacity) yielded more than 20 million results, which makes it very difficult to follow. Therefore, collecting the common methods to measure the antioxidant activity/capacity in the food products and biological samples will reduce the burden for both the students and researchers. Nowadays, it is widely accepted that a plant-based diet with a high intake of dietary sources such as vegetables, fruits, and other nutrient-rich plant foods may decrease the effect of oxidative stress-related diseases. In this review article, we have provided the most recent advances in the most common in vitro methods used for evaluating the antioxidant potential of numerous food products, plant extracts, and biological fluids. We have also provided detailed procedures on how to perform them and analyze the results. This review article shall be a comprehensive reference for all techniques used in this area.     

Novel fabrication of gelatin-encapsulated copper nanoparticles using Aspergillus versicolor and their application in controlling of rotting plant pathogens

The fabrication of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) with smallest size and more stability, with potential effects in plant disease management, may need a modified protocol for green synthesis. In this study, we could biosynthesize stable CuNPs extracellularly by an eco-friendly route using A. versicolor. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) techniques. CuNPs have a size range of 23–82 nm with round to polygonal shape. Antifungal study showed that CuNPs have potential antifungal activity against rotting plant pathogens, where 3.2 and 2.8 µg ml⁻¹ of nanoparticle solution totally inhibited the growth of both Fusarium oxysporum and Phytophthora parasitica, respectively. Damaged hyphae with limited deformed spores were detected through scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis after the treatment of both pathogens with CuNPs. Between all tested polymers, gelatin-encapsulated nanoparticles were characterized ‘by their smallest size, 7–33 nm, and regular spherical shape at all experimental conditions. After 6 months of storage, gelatin-CuNPs maintained full nanoscale and antifungal properties compared with uncoated particles which lost these properties after only 1 month. It is concluded that CuNPs can be biosynthesized by an eco-friendly cheap method using A. versicolor and can be preserved stably for a long time with the smallest size and full antifungal activity by their encapsulation with gelatin as a natural polymer. These nanoparticles can be used safely in the management of plant rotting fungi.