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OBJECTIVE--To examine whether contracting measles from a sibling of the opposite sex affects mortality. DESIGN--Prospective registration during 15-20 years of all births and deaths, including 243 measles related deaths. Measles infection was not registered; however, as in fatal cases measles was probably contracted from a maternal sibling the risk of dying during measles outbreaks was examined in families with two boys, two girls, or a boy and a girl. SETTING--31 small villages in two rural areas of eastern Senegal. SUBJECTS--766 children living in families with two children aged under 10 years during outbreaks of measles, 107 (14%) of whom died of measles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE--Deaths from measles, size of village, age and sex of maternal siblings. RESULTS--The interval between outbreaks in the same village was greater than 10 years. The risk of dying of measles was significantly related to age, increasing with the age difference between siblings and decreasing with the size of village. In a multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for these background factors, children in families with a boy and a girl had a significantly higher mortality than children in families with two boys or two girls (odds ratio = 1.81, 95% confidence interval 1.17 to 2.82). The increase in risk was the same for boys and girls in families with two children one of whom was a boy and one a girl. CONCLUSION--Cross sexual transmission may be an important determinant of severity of measles infection. 相似文献
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Fano M van de Weert M Moeller EH Kruse NA Frokjaer S 《Archives of biochemistry and biophysics》2011,(1):92-98
Triglyceride lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosus (TlL) has been reported to be resistant to denaturation by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). We have found that at neutral pH, structural integrity is strongly dependent on ionic strength. In 10 mM phosphate buffer and SDS, the lipase exhibits a far-UV CD spectrum similar to other proteins denatured in this surfactant while the near-UV CD spectrum shows a complete loss of tertiary structure, observations supported by steady state fluorescence spectroscopy. However, when increasing the ionic strength by the addition of NaCl, the lipase was rendered resistant towards SDS denaturation, as observed by all techniques employed. The effect of salt on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS was observed to correlate with the effect on the degree of SDS-induced denaturation. This finding is compatible with the notion that the concentration of SDS monomers is a crucial factor for SDS–lipase interactions. The presented results are important for the understanding and improvement of protein stability in surfactant systems. 相似文献
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S. O. Shaheen P. Aaby A. J. Hall D. J. Barker C. B. Heyes A. W. Shiell A. Goudiaby 《BMJ (Clinical research ed.)》1996,313(7063):969-974
OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether children who have had measles have reduced general cell mediated immunity three years later compared with vaccinated children who have not had measles. DESIGN: Historical cohort study. SETTING: Bissau, Guinea-Bissau. SUBJECTS: 391 children aged 3-13 years who were living in Bissau during a measles epidemic in 1991 and still lived there. These included 131 primary cases and 139 secondary cases from the epidemic and 121 vaccinated controls with no history of measles. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: General cell mediated immunity assessed by measurement of delayed type hypersensitivity skin responses to seven recall antigens. Anergy was defined as a lack of response to all antigens. RESULTS: 82 out of 268 cases of measles (31%) were anergic compared with 20 of the 121 vaccinated controls (17%) (odds ratio adjusted for potential confounding variables 2.2 (95% confidence interval 1.2 to 4.0); P 0.009). The prevalence of anergy was higher in secondary cases (33% (46/138)) than in primary cases (28% (36/130)), although this difference was not significant. Anergy was more common in the rainy season (unadjusted prevalence 31% (91/291) than in the dry season (11% (11/98)) (adjusted odds ratio 4.8 (2.2 to 10.3)). This seasonal increase occurred predominantly in the case of measles. CONCLUSION: Reduced general cell mediated immunity may contribute to the higher long term mortality in children who have had measles compared with recipients of standard measles vaccine and to the higher child mortality in the rainy season in west Africa. 相似文献
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Identification of an immunodominant neutralizing and protective epitope from measles virus fusion protein by using human sera from acute infection.
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S F Atabani O E Obeid D Chargelegue P Aaby H Whittle M W Steward 《Journal of virology》1997,71(10):7240-7245
Polyclonal sera obtained from African children with acute measles were used to screen a panel of 15-mer overlapping peptides representing the sequence of measles virus (MV) fusion (F) protein. An immunodominant antigenic region from the F protein (p32; amino acids 388 to 402) was found to represent an amino acid sequence within the highly conserved cysteine-rich domain of the F protein of paramyxoviruses. Epitope mapping of this peptide indicated that the complete 15-amino-acid sequence was necessary for high-affinity interaction with anti-MV antibodies. Immunization of two strains of mice with the p32 peptide indicated that it was immunogenic and could induce antipeptide antibodies which cross-reacted with and neutralized MV infectivity in vitro. Moreover, passive transfer of antipeptide antibodies conferred significant protection against fatal rodent-adapted MV-induced encephalitis in susceptible mice. These results indicate that this epitope represents a candidate for inclusion in a future peptide vaccine for measles. 相似文献
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Christine Stabell Benn Ane B?rent Fisker Amabelia Rodrigues Henrik Ravn Erliyani Sartono Hilton Whittle Maria Yazdanbakhsh Peter Aaby 《PloS one》2008,3(12)
Background
The policy to provide oral polio vaccine (OPV) at birth was introduced in low-income countries to increase coverage. The effect of OPV at birth on overall child mortality was never studied. During a trial of vitamin A supplementation (VAS) at birth in Guinea-Bissau, OPV was not available during several periods. We took advantage of this “natural experiment” to test the effect on mortality of receiving OPV at birth.Methodology
Between 2002 and 2004, the VAS trial randomised normal-birth-weight infants to 50,000 IU VAS or placebo administered with BCG. Provision of OPV at birth was not part of the trial, but we noted whether the infants received OPV or not. OPV was missing during several periods in 2004. We used Cox proportional hazards models to compute mortality rate ratios (MRR) of children who had received or not received OPV at birth.Principal Findings
A total of 962 (22.1%) of the 4345 enrolled children did not receive OPV at birth; 179 children died within the first year of life. Missing OPV at birth was associated with a tendency for decreased mortality (adjusted MRR = 0.69 (95% CI = 0.46–1.03)), the effect being similar among recipients of VAS and placebo. There was a highly significant interaction between OPV at birth and sex (p = 0.006). Not receiving OPV at birth was associated with a weak tendency for increased mortality in girls (1.14 (0.70–1.89)) but significantly decreased mortality in boys (0.35 (0.18–0.71)).Conclusions
In our study OPV at birth had a sex-differential effect on mortality. Poliovirus is almost eradicated and OPV at birth contributes little to herd immunity. A randomised study of the effect of OPV at birth on overall mortality in both sexes is warranted. 相似文献38.
Broutin H Mantilla-Beniers NB Simondon F Aaby P Grenfell BT Guégan JF Rohani P 《Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur》2005,7(4):593-599
Measles and pertussis are ubiquitous vaccine-preventable diseases, which remain an important public health problem in developing countries. Hence, developing a deep understanding of their transmission dynamics remains imperative. To achieve this, we compared the impact of vaccination at both individual and population levels in a Senegalese rural community. This study represents the first such comparative study in tropical conditions and constitutes a point of comparison with other studies of disease dynamics in developed countries. Changes in the transmission rates of infections are reflected in their mean ages at infection and basic reproductive ratio calculated before and after vaccination. We explored persistence of both infections in relation to population size in each village and found the inter-epidemic period for the whole area using wavelets analysis. As predicted by epidemiological theory, we observed an increase in the mean age at infection and a decrease in the reproductive ratio of both diseases. We showed for both the pre- vaccination and vaccine eras that persistence depends on population size. After vaccination, persistence decreased and the inter-epidemic period increased. The observed changes suggest that vaccination against measles and pertussis induced a drop in their transmission. Similarities in disease dynamics to those of temperate regions such as England and Wales were also observed. 相似文献
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