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51.
1. Insects commonly resist parasites using melanotic encapsulation. Many studies measuring immune response use the amount of melanin deposited on an artificial object that has been inserted into the animal as a proxy of the amount of resistance that the host is capable of mounting to natural parasites. 2. The relevance of this methodology to immune response in natural insect populations needs further study. Here, we examined two temperate damselfly species to elucidate the relationships among damselfly size, natural resistance to mites, and the immune response mounted by the same damselflies against nylon filaments. 3. The damselfly species that had high rates of melanotic encapsulation of mites in nature deposited more melanin on the nylon inserts than the species with low rates of natural resistance. 4. In females of this species, those that had resisted mites naturally melanised the nylon filament more aggressively than those that did not resist mites. 5. Our results show some support for the use of nylon filaments to assess natural patterns of immune response in these damselflies, but also suggest that caution should be used in interpreting the responses. 相似文献
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GaoCF KongXT 《Cell research》2001,11(2):95-100
Thansforlliing growth factor-as (TGF-as) are afandly of 25 kD- polypeptides with multifunctionaJactions in controlling the growth, dtherentiationand function of a broad range of tajrget cells ofboth epithelial and mesenchymal origin[1]. Five distinct TGF-g isoforms have been cloned from varioussotirces, among them TGF-gi is the most intensivelystudied and best characterized one. This cytokineis biological inert when secreted by most tissues inform of the so called latent TGF-gi complex[2,… 相似文献
53.
A new extant family of primitive moths from Kangaroo Island,Australia, and its significance for understanding early Lepidoptera evolution
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DOUGLAS J. HILTON AXEL KALLIES LIZ MILLA JADRANKA ROTA NIKLAS WAHLBERG STEPHEN A. WILCOX RICHARD V. GLATZ DAVID A. YOUNG GLENN COCKING TED EDWARDS GEORGE W. GIBBS MIKE HALSEY 《Systematic Entomology》2015,40(1):5-16
We report the first discovery since the 1970s of a new extant family (Aenigmatineidae fam.n. ) of homoneurous moths, based on the small Aenigmatinea glatzella sp.n . from Kangaroo Island off southern Australia. It exhibits a combination of extraordinary anatomical characters, and, unlike most homoneurous moths, its larva is a conifer‐feeder (stem mining in Callitris, Cupressaceae). While the adult's mouthparts are strongly regressed, evidence from other morphological characters and from a Bayesian analysis of 25 genetic loci convincingly places the taxon among Glossata (‘tongue moths’). An unexpected tongue moth clade including Acanthopteroctetidae and Neopseustidae, suggested with low support in recent molecular analyses, remarkably becomes strongly supported when Aenigmatinea is included in the molecular analysis; the new taxon becomes subordinated in that clade (as sister group to Neopseustidae) and the clade itself appears as the sister group of all Heteroneura, representing the vast majority of all Lepidoptera. Including Aenigmatinea into the analysis thereby strengthens the surprising indication of non‐monophyly of Myoglossata, and the new phylogeny requires an additional number of ad hoc assumptions of convergence/character reversals in early Lepidoptera evolution. This published work has been registered in ZooBank, http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:44393B52‐1889‐431A‐AB08‐6BBCF8F946B8 . 相似文献
54.
NAGEL G 《California medicine》1949,71(4):285
Cardiospasm and megaesophagus are well known clinical and pathological entities but the cause remains obscure. Megaesophagus is probably congenital or developmental in origin. The majority of cases of cardiospasm can be successfully treated by forceful dilatation of the narrow area. Some cases of megaesophagus are best treated by a plastic surgical procedure which enlarges the esophageal gastric opening. Additional experience with this method is necessary before it can be correctly evaluated. 相似文献
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