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11.
STEVEN A. LOISELLE NICHOLAS AZZA RES CÓZAR LUCA BRACCHINI ANTONIO TOGNAZZI ARDUINO DATTILO CLAUDIO ROSSI 《Freshwater Biology》2008,53(3):535-545
1. The major optical components controlling the attenuation of photosynthetic available radiation in nearshore areas of Lake Victoria (Uganda and Kenya) were examined and their impact compared. It was found that chromophoric dissolved organic matter and tripton play a dominating role in many nearshore areas, indicating that the coastal areas of Lake Victoria cannot be considered as Case I waters.
2. Concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter declined with distance from the coast in an exponential manner indicating dilution and degradation of terrestrial sources of organic matter rather than in situ production. The importance of tripton was found to follow a similar pattern, while the relative importance of phytoplankton biomass in overall attenuation of photosynthetic available radiation was found to increase with distance from the coast. A specific attenuation coefficient for phytoplankton biomass was determined (0.019 m2 mg Chl a −1 ).
3. Using a light limitation approach based on carrying capacity, it was possible to map areas that are closer to being light limited. Light limitation appears to occur throughout most bays and some coastal areas receiving catchment waters. This spatial information, geographically referenced to bathymetric and catchment conditions, was utilized to understand the importance of environmental conditions in limiting phytoplankton biomass. 相似文献
2. Concentrations of chromophoric dissolved organic matter declined with distance from the coast in an exponential manner indicating dilution and degradation of terrestrial sources of organic matter rather than in situ production. The importance of tripton was found to follow a similar pattern, while the relative importance of phytoplankton biomass in overall attenuation of photosynthetic available radiation was found to increase with distance from the coast. A specific attenuation coefficient for phytoplankton biomass was determined (0.019 m
3. Using a light limitation approach based on carrying capacity, it was possible to map areas that are closer to being light limited. Light limitation appears to occur throughout most bays and some coastal areas receiving catchment waters. This spatial information, geographically referenced to bathymetric and catchment conditions, was utilized to understand the importance of environmental conditions in limiting phytoplankton biomass. 相似文献
12.
Deposits composed of aragonite prisms, which were formed afterthe
outer shell layer, have been found at the posterior steepslopes of
divaricate ribs in two species of Strigilla and anothertwo of
Solecurtus. These prisms have their axes oriented perpendicularto the
outer shell surface and differ in morphology from fibresof the
surface-parallel composite prisms forming the outer shell.They
display crystalline features indicating that, unlike crystalsforming
the outer shell surface, their growth front was free,unconstrained by
the mantle or periostracum. These particulardeposits are called
free-growing prisms (FGPs). In these generathe periostracum is
clearly not the substrate for biomineralizationand, upon formation,
does not adhere to the steep slope of ribs,but detaches at the rib
peak and reattaches towards the posterior,just beyond the foot of the
posterior scarps of ribs. In thisway, a sinus or open space developed
between the internal surfaceof the periostracum and the outer shell
surface along each steeprib slope. These spaces could remain filled
with extrapallialfluid after the mantle advances beyond that point
during shellsecretion. FGPs grow within this microenvironment, out of
contactwith the mantle. Other species with divaricate ribs do not
developFGPs simply because the periostracum adheres tightly to both
ribslopes (which are never so steep as in Solecurtus and
Strigilla).FGPs constitute one of the rare cases of remote
biomineralizationin which aragonite is produced and direct contact
with the mantlenever takes place. (Received 22 November 1999; accepted 20 February 2000) 相似文献
13.
The K+/H+ antiporter LeNHX2 increases salt tolerance by improving K+ homeostasis in transgenic tomato 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
RAÚL HUERTAS LOURDES RUBIO OLIVIER CAGNAC MARÍA JESÚS GARCÍA‐SÁNCHEZ JUAN DE DIOS ALCHÉ KEES VENEMA JOSÉ ANTONIO FERNÁNDEZ MARÍA PILAR RODRÍGUEZ‐ROSALES 《Plant, cell & environment》2013,36(12):2135-2149
The endosomal LeNHX2 ion transporter exchanges H+ with K+ and, to lesser extent, Na+. Here, we investigated the response to NaCl supply and K+ deprivation in transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) overexpressing LeNHX2 and show that transformed tomato plants grew better in saline conditions than untransformed controls, whereas in the absence of K+ the opposite was found. Analysis of mineral composition showed a higher K+ content in roots, shoots and xylem sap of transgenic plants and no differences in Na+ content between transgenic and untransformed plants grown either in the presence or the absence of 120 mm NaCl. Transgenic plants showed higher Na+/H+ and, above all, K+/H+ transport activity in root intracellular membrane vesicles. Under K+ limiting conditions, transgenic plants enhanced root expression of the high‐affinity K+ uptake system HAK5 compared to untransformed controls. Furthermore, tomato overexpressing LeNHX2 showed twofold higher K+ depletion rates and half cytosolic K+ activity than untransformed controls. Under NaCl stress, transgenic plants showed higher uptake velocity for K+ and lower cytosolic K+ activity than untransformed plants. These results indicate the fundamental role of K+ homeostasis in the better performance of LeNHX2 overexpressing tomato under NaCl stress. 相似文献
14.
FREDERIQUE LE ROUX GEMA LORENZO PIERRE PEYRET CORINNE AUDEMARD ANTONIO FIGUERAS CHRISTIAN VIVARÈS MANOLO GOUY FRANCK BERTHE 《The Journal of eukaryotic microbiology》2001,48(4):449-454
Marteilia refringens is one of the most significant pathogens of bivalve molluscs. Previous sequencing of the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene of M. refringens isolates derived from the infected mussels (Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovinciallis) and the oyster (Ostrea edulis) in Europe did not reveal genetic polymorphisms despite indications from epizootiological data that distinct types may exist. We investigated the existence of polymorphisms in the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomal RNA genes. The sequences of this region proved to be clearly dimorphic among Marteilia from five sampling sites. The distribution of the two genetic types, named "O" and "M", appeared to be linked to the host species, oysters and mussels, respectively. We therefore support the recognition of two species of Marteilia in Europe and propose that the "O" type corresponds to M. refringens and the "M" type to M. maurini. 相似文献
15.
In species where males provide nuptial gifts, females can improve their nutritional status and thus increase their fecundity by mating when in need of resources. However, mating can be costly, so females should only mate to acquire resources when the need for resources is large, such as when females are nutritionally‐deprived. Two populations of the seed‐feeding beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, a species that produces relatively large nuptial gifts, are used to test whether female nutritional status affects mating behaviour. Female access to water, sugar and yeast are manipulated and the fitness consequences of these manipulations are examined together with the effects of diet on the propensity of nonvirgin females to mate. Access to water has a small but significant effect on mass loss over time, lifespan and fecundity of females, relative to unfed controls. Access to sugar (dissolved in water) improves female fecundity and lifespan above that of hydrated females but access to yeast has no positive effects on female survival or reproduction. Diet has a large effect on both receptivity of nonvirgin females to a male and how quickly they accept that male. Unfed females are both more likely to mate, and accept a mate more quickly, than females provided access to water, which are more likely to mate and accept a mate more quickly than females provided with sugar. This rank order of behaviours matches the order predicted if females increase their mating rate when nutritionally deprived (i.e. it matches the effect of diet on female fitness). The results obtained also suggest that mate choice may be condition‐dependent: females from one population (Burkina Faso) show a preference for large males when well‐fed but not when unfed, although this result is not found in a second population (South India). It is concluded that nutritionally‐deprived females are more receptive to mates than are well‐fed females, consistent with the hypothesis that females ‘forage’ for nuptial gifts, or at least more willingly accept sperm in exchange for nuptial gifts, when they are nutritionally deprived. 相似文献
16.
17.
EDUARDO CIRES CANDELA CUESTA MARÍA ÁNGELES REVILLA JOSÉ ANTONIO FERNÁNDEZ PRIETO 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,101(2):251-271
The aim of this study was to assess genome size variation and multivariate morphometric analyses to ascertain cytotype distribution patterns and the morphological differentiation within the Ranunculus parnassifolius group in the Pyrenees and the Alps. Although divergences in nuclear DNA content among different species within a genus are widely acknowledged, intraspecific variation is still a somewhat controversial issue. Holoploid and monoploid genome sizes (C‐ and Cx‐values) were determined using propidium iodide flow cytometry in 125 plants of R. parnassifolius s.l. distributed across four European countries. Three different DNA ploidy levels were revealed in the study area: diploid (2n ~ 2x, 57.14%), triploid (2n ~ 3x, 1.19%), and tetraploid (2n ~ 4x, 41.67%). The mean population 2C‐values ranged from 8.15 pg in diploids to 14.80 pg in tetraploids, representing a ratio of 1 : 1.8. Marked intraspecific/interpopulation differences in nuclear DNA content were found. Diploid populations prevail in the Pyrenees, although tetraploid cytotypes were reported throughout the distribution area. In general, mixed‐cytotype populations were not found. The Spearman correlation coefficient did not reveal significant correlations between genome size and altitude, longitude, or latitude. Morphometric analyses and cluster analyses based on genome size variation revealed the presence of three major groups, which exhibited a particular biogeographical pattern. A new cytotype, DNA triploid, was found for the first time. Tetraploid populations showed constant nuclear DNA levels, whereas diploid populations from the Pyrenees, in which introgressive hybridization is suggested as a presumable trigger for genome size variation, did not. Scenarios for the evolution of geographical parthenogenesis in R. parnassifolius s.l. are discussed. Finally, the different levels of effectiveness between plant and animal reference standards are analysed. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 101 , 251–271. 相似文献
18.
LEANDRO AMBRÓSIO CAMPOS HÉLIO RICARDO DA SILVA ANTONIO SEBBEN 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2010,99(4):752-767
We describe the extra bony elements, plates, and osteoderms present in species of the genus Brachycephalus. Samples of eight species of Brachycephalus, including seven populations of Brachycephalus ephippium, were examined. The large additional elements associated with the skull (parotic plate) and vertebrae (vertebral and paravertebral plates) all comprise intramembranous bone, similar to that of the frontoparietal or nasal bones of the skull of most of frogs. Additionally, in the dermis of one unnamed species, we discovered and described true osteoderms. We discuss the morphological nature and diversity of theses elements and their importance as evidence of phylogenetic relationship within Brachycephalus. In summary, three distinct conditions of extra bony elements occur in the genus Brachycephalus: (1) bony plates may be present or absent in species of the genus; (2) a few, small bony plates may be developed and these may be represented by (a) paravertebral plates small and restricted to the distal ends of the transverse processes of the presacral IV, (b) parotic plates small and not covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) ornamented spinal plates on all vertebrae; and (3) well‐developed bony plates may be present as (a) paravertebral plates forming a ‘bone‐shield’ on the dorsal surface of the trunk, ornamented, and visible through the integument, (b) parotic plates covering the tops of the squamosals, and (c) spinal plates associated with all vertebrae, and ornamented on vertebrate I–VI. Although the phenomenon of miniaturization may be associated with the appearance of new elements in at least some of the species in the genus, the traditional rule may not be universally applicable. © 2010 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2010, 99 , 752–767. 相似文献
19.
ROGER A. HEWITT ANTONIO CHECA GERD E. G. WESTERMANN PETER M. ZABORSKI 《Lethaia: An International Journal of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy》1991,24(3):271-287
Cretaceous Vascoceras and Jurassic Lytoceras show colour markings and etched surfaces representing original organic membranes between the septa. The main difference between the formation of ammonite and Nautilus chambers involved the continuous secretion of a gelatinous cameral liquid to support the ammonite mantle when it moved forward. The gel containing cyclically secreted membranes. here named pseudosepta, resembled the intra-cameral structures of the cuttlebone in Sepia. Pseudoscpta are attached to the shell wall in pseudosutures (Pseudoloben) which are particularly visible in the saddles of the septal suture and tend to mimic them. Their shape suggests reconstruction of posterior mantle shape during translocation. Drag-bands (Schleppstreifen) are spiral markings formed by the overlapping pseudosepta along the axial traces of the foliole folds. The chamber of ammonites was formed by a locally muscular mantle in a tripartite cycle: (1) the mantle initially remained attached to the saddles of the completed septal suture while muscular tissue within the umbilical lobes was contracted and rapidly reattached to the side of the lateral saddles; (2) the whole mantle subsequently crept forward by secreting a gelatinous matrix which contained telescoped membranes, with an adhesive function on pseudolobc flanks; (3) the mantle almost ceased to move within the sites of future lobules, but expanded and crept on before forming the mural and 'gutter' ridges of the septum. □ Ammonites, chamber growth, vascoceratids, LYTOCERAS, Nigeria. 相似文献
20.