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JIAHONG LI THOMAS L. POWELL TROY J. SEILER DAVID P. JOHNSON HANS P. ANDERSON ROSVEL BRACHO† BRUCE A. HUNGATE‡ CHARLES R. HINKLE§ BERT G. DRAKE 《Global Change Biology》2007,13(6):1101-1113
Hurricane disturbances have profound impacts on ecosystem structure and function, yet their effects on ecosystem CO2 exchange have not been reported. In September 2004, our research site on a fire‐regenerated scrub‐oak ecosystem in central Florida was struck by Hurricane Frances with sustained winds of 113 km h−1 and wind gusts as high as 152 km h−1. We quantified the hurricane damage on this ecosystem resulting from defoliation: we measured net ecosystem CO2 exchange, the damage and recovery of leaf area, and determined whether growth in elevated carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere (Ca) altered this disturbance. The hurricane decreased leaf area index (LAI) by 21%, which was equal to 60% of seasonal variation in canopy growth during the previous 3 years, but stem damage was negligible. The reduction in LAI led to a 22% decline in gross primary production (GPP) and a 25% decline in ecosystem respiration (Re). The compensatory declines in GPP and Re resulted in no significant change in net ecosystem production (NEP). Refoliation began within a month after the hurricane, although this period was out of phase with the regular foliation period, and recovered 20% of the defoliation loss within 2.5 months. Full recovery of LAI, ecosystem CO2 assimilation, and ecosystem respiration did not occur until the next growing season. Plants exposed to elevated Ca did not sustain greater damage, nor did they recover faster than plants grown under ambient Ca. Thus, our results indicate that hurricanes capable of causing significant defoliation with negligible damage to stems have negligible effects on NEP under current or future CO2‐enriched environment. 相似文献
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BRUCE ANDERSON 《Biological journal of the Linnean Society. Linnean Society of London》2006,89(3):541-549
Exploitation may lead to the breakdown of obligate species-specific mutualisms. However, the mutualism between Roridula (plants) and Pameridea (hemipterans) is often exploited by spiders. The aim of the present study was to determine when the exploiters became associated with the Roridula-Pameridea mutualism. The phylogenetic and geographical associations between Roridula and Pameridea are documented and the distribution patterns of Roridula and exploiters are overlaid to see how closely they correlate. A geographical discontinuity in Roridulas ' range divides both the host plants and associated hemipterans into two sister species so that each hemipteran species is associated with a different plant species. This suggests that Roridula was associated with Pameridea before fragmentation/vicariance events split the genus, allowing allopatric speciation. By contrast, Roridula is only associated with exploiters in parts of its current range. This suggests that exploiters are unable to traverse the disjunctions in Roridulas' distribution and that they only developed associations with the mutualism after vicariance events. It is hypothesized that Pameridea and Roridula were closely associated for a long period before the invasion of nonmutualists. The absence of associated nonmutualist species may have helped facilitate the evolution of an obligate interaction between Roridula and Pameridea . © 2006 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society , 2006, 89 , 541–549. 相似文献
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PATRICIA V. ELLSWORTH PATRICK Z. ELLSWORTH WILLIAM T. ANDERSON LEONEL S. L. STERNBERG 《Plant, cell & environment》2013,36(1):138-148
Previous mangrove tree ring studies attempted, unsuccessfully, to relate the δ18O of trunk cellulose (δ18OCELL) to the δ18O of source water (δ18OSW). Here, we tested whether biochemical fractionation associated with one of the oxygen in the cellulose glucose moiety or variation in leaf water oxygen isotope fractionation (ΔLW) can interfere with the δ18OSW signal as it is recorded in the δ18OCELL of mangrove (saltwater) and hammock (freshwater) plants. We selected two transects experiencing a salinity gradient, located in the Florida Keys, USA. The δ18OCELL throughout both transects did not show the pattern expected based on that of the δ18OSW. We found that in one of the transects, biochemical fractionation interfered with the δ18OSW signal, while in the other transect ΔLW differed between mangrove and hammock plants. Observed differences in ΔLW between mangroves and hammocks were caused by a longer effective leaf mixing length (L) of the water pathway in mangrove leaves compared to those of hammock leaves. Changes in L could have caused the δ18OCELL to record not only variations in the δ18OSW but also in ΔLW making it impossible to isolate the δ18OSW signal. 相似文献
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The loss of bird species following human colonization of New Zealand has raised concerns about the consequences for crucial ecosystem functions such as pollination. The understorey shrub Alseuosmia macrophylla (Alseuosmiaceae) exhibits characteristics typical of a bird pollination syndrome, but populations still persist in northern North Island forest remnants despite the local extinction of most endemic bird pollinators, leading to the suggestion that moths – rather than birds – may be the primary pollinators. The aim of this study was to quantify the importance of endemic birds as pollinators of A. macrophylla over several years by comparing plants on Little Barrier Island (LBI), where all extant endemic bird pollinators still occur, to plants at sites on the adjacent North Island in the Waitakere Ranges (WTK), where only one of these species remains common. Flowers on LBI were visited by endemic bellbirds (Anthornis melanura) and stitchbirds (Notiomystis cincta), while at WTK sites the most common visitors were the recently arrived silvereye (Zosterops lateralis) and the introduced honeybee (Apis mellifera), both of which acted principally as nectar robbers. Caged flowers on LBI had significantly lower fruit set than open flowers, and plants at WTK were significantly more pollen‐limited than plants on LBI. This provides evidence that the loss of endemic pollinating birds is the most likely reason for the high pollen limitation found in some North Island A. macrophylla populations, and the very low seed set of these populations could have serious implications for the long‐term persistence of this species. 相似文献