Telomere and telomerase in oncology

Telomere and cell replicative senescenceTelomeres, which are located at the end of chro-mosome, are crucial to protect chromosome againstdegeneration, rearrangment and end to end fusion[1].Human telomeres are tandemly repeated units of thehexanucleotide TTAGGG. The estimated length oftelomeric DNA varies from 2 to 20 kilo base pairs,depending on factors such as tissue type and hu-man age. The buck of telomeric DNA is double-stranded, but the end of telomeric DNA consists of3' overhang of…     

紫色土外源锌、镉形态的生物有效性

通过对7种形态Zn,Cd与有效态Zn,Cd(DTPA提取）的相关分析及各形态Zn,Cd与植株Zn,Cd含量的通径分析,评价各形态Zn,Cd的生物有效性及对植株的相对贡献和途径。结果表明,交换态Zn,Cd与有效态Zn,Cd呈极显著正相关（r=0.954,0.953),交换态Zn,Cd与植株Zn,Cd含量的通径系数为1．267、1．168,交换态Zn,Cd有效性高,具有最大的生物活性,对植株Zn,Cd含量的贡献最大。其它形态如碳酸盐结合态锌、氧化锰结合态Zn、Cd通过交换态作用于植株的通径链系数（间接通径系数）分别为0．856、0．592、0．723,上述形态对植株Zn,Cd含量也有影响,具有一定的生物相对有效性,但通过交换态间接作用。交换态不仅自身具有最大的生物有效性,而且还作为其它形态Zn,Cd生物有效性的中介,为紫色土其它Zn,Cd库流向植株的主要通道。     

水稻早世代稳定718群体的获得及分析

水稻早世代稳定现象是近年来发现的一种特殊现象,其中多个早世代稳定群体是在利用来自水稻双胚苗中的多倍体与不同二倍体材料杂交得到的。本实验利用一自然突变的多倍体,与二倍体水稻太平369杂交,F_1代大部分为非整倍体,其中5株为二倍体,收取这5株二倍体上的种子,种下得到 F_2群体且定名为718群体。该群体田间观察整齐一致,经过对田间调查数据和微卫星结果的分析,表明该群体为一早世代稳定群体。     

长江三峡地区上震旦统稳定同位素异常及地层意义

三峡地区广泛发育的上震旦统,及下伏的南沱组和古城组冰碛层,有良好的生物地层控制及全球对比意义。新秭归城附近的雾河剖面,自南沱组顶部到水井沱组下部出露有利于化学地层学研究的一系列碳酸盐岩沉积,对这一剖面的碳,氧,锶同位素研究发现：1）碳,锶和氧同位素在陡山沱组顶部到灯影组底部存在明显异常;2）碳同位素在寒武系-前寒武系界线附近有负异常;3）碳同位素和锶同位素在剖面上的演化具有全球对比意义;4）陡山沱组顶部到灯影组底部的碳,锶同位素异常,与可能存在末远古纪的冰期,即所谓的“后Marinoan冰期”有关。     

Y-SNP haplogroups related to the Yqh+ heteromorphism in the Mexican northwestern population

Morphological variation of the Y chromosome has been observed in different populations. This variation is mostly related to the heteromorphic Yq12 band, which is composed of a variable block of constitutive heterochromatin. The Yqh+ heteromorphism has a worldwide frequency of 2.85% and is considered clinically innocuous. The aim of this study was to identify the ancestry of the Yqh+ heteromorphism present in individuals from western Mexico. For this purpose, 17 Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphisms were analysed by multiplex polymerase chain reaction and SNaPshot assays. In 28 Yqh+ males, only five haplogroups were observed; with a haplogroup diversity of 0.4841 ± 0.1094, which was less than that observed in a study of unselected Mexican mestizo population. Differences were specifically conferred by the high frequencies of haplogroups R1b1 and P*(xQ,R), and by the absence of the Amerindian haplogroup Q (Q*(xQ1a3a) plus Q1a3a) from the Yqh+ group. This study suggests a post-1492 incorporation for Yqh+ chromosomes into the Mexican northwestern population.     

Optimal climbing speed explains the evolution of extreme sexual size dimorphism in spiders

Several hypotheses have been put forward to explain the evolution of extreme sexual size dimorphism (SSD). Among them, the gravity hypothesis (GH) explains that extreme SSD has evolved in spiders because smaller males have a mating or survival advantage by climbing faster. However, few studies have supported this hypothesis thus far. Using a wide span of spider body sizes, we show that there is an optimal body size (7.4 mm) for climbing and that extreme SSD evolves only in spiders that: (1) live in high‐habitat patches and (2) in which females are larger than the optimal size. We report that the evidence for the GH across studies depends on whether the body size of individuals expands beyond the optimal climbing size. We also present an ad hoc biomechanical model that shows how the higher stride frequency of small animals predicts an optimal body size for climbing.     

Ecological and historical filters constraining spatial caddisfly distribution in Mediterranean rivers

1. Contemporary species distributions are determined by a mixture of ecological and historical filters acting on several spatial and temporal scales. Mediterranean climate areas are one of the world's biodiversity hotspots with a high level of endemicity, which is linked to complex ecological and historical factors. 2. This paper explores the ecological and historical factors constraining the distribution of caddisfly species on a large regional scale. A total of 69 taxa were collected from 140 sampling sites in 10 Iberian Mediterranean river basins. Approximately 74% of taxa can be considered rare, with the southern basins (the Baetic–Riffian region) having greater endemicity. The greatest richness, involving a mixture of northern and southern species, was found in the transitional area between the Baetic–Riffian region and the Hesperic Massif. 3. The historical processes occurring during the Tertiary (i.e. the junction of the Eurasian and African plates) explained 3.1% of species distribution, whereas ecological factors accounted for 20.7%. Only 0.3% was explained by the interaction of history and ecology. A set of multi‐scale ecological variables (i.e. basin, reach and bedform characteristics) defined five river types with specific caddisfly assemblages. The commonest caddisfly species accounted for the regional distribution pattern, while rare taxa contributed to the explanation of subtle patterns not shown by common species. 4. Despite the importance of historical factors for biogeography and the large scale used in our study, ecological variables better explained caddisfly distribution. This may be explained by the length of time since the historical process we are considering, the high dispersion and colonisation capacity of many caddisfly species, and the strong environmental gradient in the area. Because of the historical and environmental complexity of Mediterranean areas, rare taxa should be included in ecological studies so that the singularity of these ecosystems is not missed.     

A 3d-fem Simulation of Highest Stress Lines in Mandible Fractures by Elastic Impact

Abstract

In this article, the more usual mandible fracture areas are located by identifying the highest stress lines using a three-dimensional (tetrahedral) finite element method. By taking into account the temporomandibular contact and the inertia effects, the mathematical model is considered to be a dynamic Signorini's problem, that is, a dynamic variational inequality which is discretized in time following Newmark's method. So, in each time step a stationary variational inequality is solved by a penalty-duality algorithm. Finally, some numerical results obtained by simulating the more usual fractures in the human mandible are presented and compared with clinical experimental information.     

角堇与大花三色堇染色体核型分析

以2份角堇与4份大花三色堇自交系为试验材料,采用染色体常规压片方法,观察和分析了它们的细胞染色体数目、相对长度、平均臂比等核型指标,以明确两种植物细胞学特点,为分类以及育种提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)2份角堇自交系染色体数目均为2n=2x=26,染色体基数为x=13,染色体核型公式分别为2n=2x=26=8m+12sm+6st、2n=2x=26=4m+16sm+6st,核型不对称系数为67.20%~70.10%,核型分类均属于3B。(2)4份大花三色堇自交系均为四倍体,其中2份(EYO-1-2-1-4、DSRFY-1-1-2)染色体数目为44,核型公式为2n=4x=44=4m+16sm+6st、2n=4x=44=16m+24sm+4st;2份(G10-1-3-1-4、XXL-YB-1-1-1-1)染色体数目为48,核型公式分别为2n=4x=48=8m+20sm+20st、2n=4x=48=4m+36sm+8st,核型不对称系数为66.74%~71.77%,核型分类属于2B、3B。     

Revealing potential bridge vectors for BTV and SBV: a study on Culicoides blood feeding preferences in natural ecosystems in Spain

Several species of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of pathogens, such as the bluetongue (BTV) and Schmallenberg (SBV) viruses, which cause important diseases in domestic and wild ruminants. As wild ruminants can contribute to overwintering and epizootics of both diseases, knowledge of the host‐feeding behaviour of Culicoides in natural ecosystems is important to better understand their epidemiology. Blood‐engorged Culicoides females trapped in natural areas inhabited by different wild ruminant species were genetically analysed to identify host species. The origin of bloodmeals was identified in 114 females of 14 species of Culicoides. A total of 104 (91.1%) Culicoides fed on mammals and 10 (8.9%) on birds. The most abundant host identified was red deer (66.7%), followed by humans (13%) and fallow deer (6.1%). Eleven of the 14 species of Culicoides fed exclusively on mammalian hosts. Among them, five are mammalophilic species considered to be important BTV and/or SBV vectors. The results of the present study confirm that Culicoides imicola, Culicoides obsoletus, Culicoides scoticus, Culicoides pulicaris and Culicoides punctatus fed on wild ruminants, and therefore support the hypothesis that these species can act as bridge vectors by facilitating the circulation of pathogens between wild and domestic ruminant communities.