Postpartum anestrus in French beef cattle: an epidemiological study

Postpartum anestrus of lactating beef cows was studied by means of an epidemiological study carried out on 878 lactating beef cows in 60 French herds. The cows calved between October 1992 and March 1993 and were housed 2 mo after calving, when the anestrus status was determined by progesterone radioimmunoassays. Data analysis was performed using a multiple logistic model in order to adjust for confounding and interaction. Fifty-one percent of the primiparous and 23% of the multiparous cows were found to be in anestrus. Factors significantly related to anestrus were parity (primiparous); breed (Charolais); housing type (tie housing); suckling (compared to weaning at birth); and, among those that were under the control of the farmer, calving conditions (manual exploration of the birth canal); body condition score at calving (3 or less, on a 5-point scale); and loss in body condition score after calving (1 point or more within 2 mo). Previous reproductive performance for multiparous cows such as a long calving interval and induced estrus in the previous year also appeared to be related to anestrus.     

Cells of the Upper and Lower Epidermis of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Leaves Exhibit Distinct Patterns of Vacuolar Solutes

Vacuolar saps were extracted from individual, anatomically uniform cells of the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) epidermis of the third leaf of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using a modified pressure probe. Saps (volume 80-200 pL) were sampled at various times between 3 d before and 7 d after full-leaf expansion and were analyzed for their osmolality and their concentrations of NO3-, malate, CI-, K+, and Ca2+. The osmolalities of upper and lower epidermis both increased with time but were similar to each other. In young leaves, K+ and Ca2+ were evenly distributed between the two epidermal layers, but as the leaf aged, the upper epidermis accumulated high (40-100 mM) Ca2+, whereas cells of the lower epidermis accumulated K+ instead. Nitrate concentration was 100 to 150 mM higher in the upper than in the lower epidermis, whereas CI- was 50 to 120 mM higher in the lower epidermis. These differences did not depend on the leaf developmental stage. The uneven distribution of epidermal NO3- and CI- was maintainedover a wide range of epidermal sap concentrations of these ions and was not affected by NO3- or CI- starvation or by an increase in the light intensity from 120 to 400 [mu]mol m-2 s-1. However, the latter did cause a decrease in epidermal NO3- and the appearance and accumulation of epidermal malate, particularly in the upper epidermis. The physiological implications of the results for solute storage in leaves and for the pathways of ion distribution to the epidermis are discussed.     

Endo-1,4-[beta]-Glucanase,Xyloglucanase, and Xyloglucan Endo-Transglycosylase Activities Versus Potential Substrates in Ripening Tomatoes

In ripening fruits of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L. var 83-G-38), the amounts of cellulose and xyloglucan (XG) remained constant during tissue softening, but the relative molecular weight (Mr) of XG decreased markedly and the Mr of cellulose declined slightly. These changes could have been due to activities of non-specific endo-1,4-[beta]-glucanases and/or buffer-soluble XG endo-transglycosylase, both of which increased when tissue firmness declined most rapidly. Tomato extracts also reduced the viscosity of XG solutions, especially in the presence of added XG oligosac-charides. This depolymerizing (XGase) capacity differed from [beta]-glucanase and XG transglycosylase activity (a) by being almost entirely buffer insoluble, and (b) by declining precipitously during fruit softening. Although it disappeared from ripe fruit, XGase may have functioned in promoting wall loosening at earlier stages of fruit development when its activity was highest. By contrast, during aging of fruit in the ripening-inhibited mutant rin there was no change in Mr of XG or cellulose, and activities of [beta]-glucanases and XG transglycosylase were lower than in wild-type tomato. Nevertheless, some softening of the fruit did take place over time and XG amounts declined, possibly because high XGase activity was maintained in the mutant, unlike in wild-type fruit.     

Iron-Deficiency Stress Responses in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Roots (A Possible Role for Ethylene?)

Most dicotyledonous species respond to Fe deficiency by developing several mechanisms known as Fe-deficiency stress responses. To study the regulation of these responses, young cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv Ashley) were grown in nutrient solution for 11 d, being deprived of Fe during the last 4 or 5 d. Inhibitors of ethylene synthesis (2 or 10 [mu]M aminoethoxyvinylglycine; 10 or 20 [mu]M aminooxyacetic acid; 1, 2, 5, or 10 [mu]M Co2+ as CoCl2) or action (50, 200, or 800 [mu]M Ag+ as silver thiosulfate) were added to the nutrient solution at different times during this period of growth with no Fe. After this period, the reduction of Fe3+ ethylenedi-aminetetraacetate by the roots of entire plants was measured with ferrozine by reading the absorbance at 562 nm after 2 h. The presence of the ethylene inhibitors in the nutrient solution inhibited the Fe-deficiency stress responses ferric-reducing capacity and subapical root swelling. In another experiment, the addition of 1 [mu]M 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), a precursor of ethylene synthesis, to the nutrient solution of plants having low ferric-reducing activity increased notably the ferric-reducing capacity and subapical root swelling. Here we show evidence that ethylene plays a role in the development of Fe-deficiency stress responses, since when ethylene synthesis or action was inhibited, the responses were also inhibited, and when a precursor of ethylene (ACC) was added, the responses were increased.     

Immobilized and Free Apoplastic Pectinmethylesterases in Mung Bean Hypocotyl

The nature and the action pattern of apoplastic pectinmethylesterase (PME) isoforms were investigated in mung bean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilzeck] hypocotyls. Successive extractions of neutral and alkaline PME isoforms present in hypocotyl native cell walls (referred to as PE1, PE2, PE3, PE4, with increasingly basic isoelectric points) revealed that solubilization of PE1, PE2, and PE4 did not induce any significant decrease in the cell-wall-bound PME activity. The in vitro de-esterification occurring when isolated cell walls were incubated with pectin resulted, then, from the activity of PE3. In addition, pH control of PME activity was shown to be much stronger for enzymes bound to cell walls, in their native state or reintroduced after solubilization, than for enzymes in solution. Mature cell walls showed much more activity than young cell walls, and were relatively enriched in two acidic PME isoforms missing in young cell walls. One acidic PME was also detected in the extracellular fluid. The acidic and neutral isoforms that could be easily transferred from their binding sites to their substrate might be those involved in the demethylation process developing along the mung bean hypocotyl.     

Effects of 3,5-Dibromo-4-Hydroxybenzonitrile (Bromoxynil) on Bioenergetics of Higher Plant Mitochondria (Pisum sativum)

The herbicide bromoxynil (3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile) was tested on mitochondria from etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv Alaska) stems. This compound when used at micromolar concentrations ([almost equal to]20 [mu]M) inhibited malate- and succinate-dependent respiration by intact mitochondria but not oxidation of exogenously added NADH. Bromoxynil did not affect the activities of the succinic and the internal NADH dehydrogenases. Analyses of the effects induced by this herbicide on the membrane potential, [delta]pH, matrix Ca2+ movements, and dicarboxylate transport demonstrated that bromoxynil is likely to act as an inhibitor of the dicarboxylate carrier. In addition, bromoxynil caused a mild membrane uncoupling at concentrations [greater than or equal to]20 [mu]M. No effect on the ATPase activity was observed.     

Regulation of Sterol Content in Membranes by Subcellular Compartmentation of Steryl-Esters Accumulating in a Sterol-Overproducing Tobacco Mutant

The study of sterol overproduction in tissues of LAB 1-4 mutant tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) (P. Maillot-Vernier, H. Schaller, P. Benveniste, G. Belliard [1989] Biochem Biophys Res Commun 165: 125-130) over several generations showed that the overproduction phenotype is stable in calli, with a 10-fold stimulation of sterol content when compared with wild-type calli. However, leaves of LAB 1-4 plants obtained after two steps of self-fertilization were characterized by a mere 3-fold stimulation, whereas calli obtained from these plants retained a typical sterol-overproducing mutant phenotype (i.e. a 10-fold increase of sterol content). These results suggest that the expression of the LAB 1-4 phenotype is dependent on the differentiation state of cells. Most of the sterols accumulating in the mutant tissues were present as steryl-esters, which were minor species in wild-type tissues. Subcellular fractionation showed that in both mutant and wild-type tissues, free sterols were associated mainly with microsomal membranes. In contrast, the bulk of steryl-esters present in mutant tissues was found in the soluble fraction of cells. Numerous lipid droplets were detected in the hyaloplasm of LAB 1-4 cells by cytochemical and cytological techniques. After isolation, these lipid granules were shown to contain steryl-esters. These results show that the overproduced sterols of mutant tissues accumulate as steryl-esters in hyaloplasmic bodies. The esterification process thus allows regulation of the amount of free sterols in membranes by subcellular compartmentation.     

Inhibition of Immune Complex-Induced Inflammation by A small Molecular Weight Selectin Antagonist

The anti-inflammatory effect of a small molecular weight antagonist of P- and E-selectin-dependent cell adhesion was examined. The glycolipid sulphatide was shown to block the adherence of thrombin-activated rat platelets to HL-60 cells. This interaction is known to be dependent on P-selectin. The rat dermal reverse passive Arthus reaction was used to assess the effect of sulphatide on a neutrophil dependent inflammatory response. Sulphatide dosedependently blocked both the vascular permeability increase and cell infiltration after intraperitoneal administration. These results show that a small molecular weight compound which blocks P- and E-selectin dependent adhesion in vitro can effectively block the inflammation due to immune complex deposition. A compound with this type of profile may have therapeutic potential in the treatment of immune complex mediated diseases.     

Platelet activating factor synthesis and metabolism in intestinal ischaemia-reperfusion injury

The object of this study was to characterize the synthesis and metabolism of platelet activating factor (PAF) by intestinal mucosa subjected to ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Canine intestinal mucosa produced 16:0-PAF, 18:0-PAF, and high levels of the corresponding lyso- PAF metabolites. Three h of intestinal ischaemia and ischaemia followed by 1 h of reperfusion did not affect the synthesis or metabolism of PAF by intestinal mucosa. Intestinal mucosa elaborated a factor that rapidly hydrolyzes PAF to lyso-PAF. The observed hydrolysis rate was not altered by ischaemia or ischaemia and reperfusion. In conclusion, this study suggests that intestinal mucosa produces PAF and rapidly hydrolyzes PAF. The PAF synthesis and metabolism rates of intestinal mucosa is not altered by ischaemia reperfusion in this model under the imposed conditions.     

Dietary n-3 Fatty Acids Inhibit Fever Induced by Inflammation in the Rat

Modification of endogenous eicosanoid synthesis by dietary n-3 fatty acid supplementation reduces febrile responses, but the mechanisms underlying these effects in vivo have not been determined. In the present study, local inflammation was induced by intramuscular injection ofturpentine in rats fed control or n-3 supplemented diets for 8-9 weeks. In animals fed the control diet, turpentine induced fever, hypermetabolism, marked local inflammation (oedema), increased plasma IL-6 concentrations and raised cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of PGE2. N-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly inhibited the rise in CSF PGE2, fever and hypermetaboHsm induced by turpentine. Local inflammation and increased plasma IL-6 concentrations were not affected by n-3 supplementation. These findings suggest that modification of dietary fat intake inhibits fever via reduced release of prostaglandins, probably within the brain, but does not affect the local or afferent signals involved in fever generation.