旧大陆鸵鸟化石研究资料

一、文献概述、图書目录、鴕鳥化石研究史根据发現的鸵鳥化石(骨骼、蛋、蛋壳)数量来說,中国和苏联占第一位。在苏联烏克兰南部,鴕鳥骨化石的发現特別多,可是在北高加索,罗斯托夫地区及北哈薩克斯坦,只有个别的骨化石发現。鴕鳥蛋壳化石,除了在烏克兰南部的发現很丰富外,在阿塞拜疆、南哈薩克斯坦和謝連金-达呼尔(外貝加尔区)也有所聞。在苏联所     

НЕКОТОРЫЕ СИЛУРИЙСКИЕ И ДЕВОНСКИЕ СТРОМАТОПОРОИДЕИ И КОРАЛЛЫ ИЗ РАЙОНА ЛУШАНЯ ВОСТОЧНОЙ ЧАСТИ ПРОВИНЦИИ ГУЙЧЖОУ

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О РАСЧЛЕНЕИИ НИЖНЕКАМЕННОУΓОЛЫХ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ СЕВЕРНОΓО СКЛОНА ХРЕБТА БОРО-ХОРО(ВОСТОЧНАЯ ЧАСТЬ ТЯНЬ-ШАНЯ,СИНЬЦЗЯНЬ)

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有关提高农业生产率任务的几个昆虫学问题

本文为不久前来我国考察植物的检疫的苏联列宁格勒大学普通昆虫学教研组主任-贝-比恩柯教授在1954年2月21日第二届全苏昆虫学会会议上的报告。贝-比恩柯教授在这篇报告中讨论了三个有关提高农产品的昆虫学问题:农作物害虫的来源问题,化学防治和生物防治综合应用问题和防治害虫的组织形式问题。贝-比恩柯教授从生态学的观点详细地阐明了前二个问题的重要性,并且结合着批判了某些片面的治虫观点,提出了昆虫工作者今后应当努力的若干方向,第三个问题提醒我们一切治虫措施应该通过组织形式、使用方法等的改善来提高它们的效率,节省人力物力,不要把我们的目光局限于某一种方法的单纯的眼前的治虫效果等等。由于字数过多,只能分两次译出,第三个问题要留待下一期再和读者见面。     

有关提高农业生产率的几个昆虫学问题(续)

现在再来谈谈另一个极其重要的科学问题——植物保护事业的组织经济方面的问题。在这里不能不指出一件令人惋惜的事实:至少害虫防治的经济组织问题没有受到应有的重视。 昆虫学家在研究一种害虫的防治方法时普通是把自己的任务局限於追求这些方法的高度技术上的效果,亦即要有很高的杀虫率;或者局     

НЕКОТОРЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ПО ОСТРАКОДАМ ИЗ ΓУАНЪЮАНСКОЙ СЕРИИ В ПРОВИНЦИИ СЫЧУАНИ

我国古生物的研究,已有几十年的历史,但对于箭石还未有正式报导。本文研究的大量箭石标本是中国科学院西藏考察队丰茂森和常承法1960年在江孜东面龙马至加不拉一带和丰茂森、胡兆扬、吴顺宝1961年在定结至定日一带收集的。箭石经鉴定有2个属12个种,其中新种6个,还有一些未定种。由于箭石在我国是首次研究,故对其硬体构造及鉴定特征也作了简单叙述。在研究过程中孙云铸教授提供了一部分可贵的标本,并根据菊石的研究对加不拉剖面的地质界线提出指导性意见;尹赞勋教授提出了宝贵的意见;丰茂森同志及尹集祥同志提供了许多实际资料;本院教学科研辅助科照相及绘图。笔者对他们表示衷心感谢。     

2012年全球新药研发报告——第二部分：攻克制药/生物技术行业难关（续Ⅳ）

正如《2012年全球新药研发报告》第一部分所提及的,2012年有大量药物获得批准;而在上市新药中,相当一部分是用于治疗发病率较低的一些疾病的孤儿药。虽然这些药物不会成为“重磅炸弹”产品,但对于小范围的患者来说却是一大福音。这一发展方向顺应了制药业从通用型“重磅炸弹”药物生产转向个体化药物研发的趋势。许多制药公司将其作为解决专利悬崖问题的策略,原因在于2012年有大量专利到期药物都作为仿制药获批。该报告的第二部分总结了新药、生物仿制药及新上市的化学仿制药的新进展,以及制药行业内部如何通过战略性调整巩固其市场地位,如通过兼并并购、子母公司与产权转让等努力获得领先地位。这部分还包含了大量便于快速查阅的数据图表以及制药行业内的战略性调整的大致介绍。更多详细信息,例如作用机制、研究现状、药理学研究、药动学研究、临床研究发现及更新信息等可以查阅Thomson Reuters IntegritySM 和 Thomson Reuters CortellisTM数据库。     

Ixodid tick salivary gland products target host wound healing growth factors

For successful blood-feeding, ticks must confront the host immune system comprising many cells and signaling molecules, mainly cytokines and growth factors. These factors bind to specific receptors on the cell membranes, thereby initiating a signaling cascade that leads to distinct cellular activities. Ticks are able to manipulate host immune responses via molecules secreted from their salivary glands. Saliva of ixodid ticks contains factors binding important cytokines and their subgroup, chemokines. Here we demonstrate that constituents of tick salivary gland extract (SGE) also appear to bind growth factors: transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), depending on tick species. SGE derived from Amblyommavariegatum reacted with TGF-β1, PDGF, FGF-2 and HGF; Dermacentorreticulatus and Rhipicephalusappendiculatus with TGF-β1, FGF-2 and HGF; and Ixodes ricinus and Ixodesscapularis with PDGF. SGE from the species targeting PDGF (A. variegatum and I. ricinus) also inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and induced a change in morphology of different cell lines. These effects correlated with disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. Such effects were not observed with SGE of the two species that did not target PDGF. Targeting of wound healing growth factors appears to be yet another strategy ixodid ticks adopt for suppression of inflammation and successful haematophagy.     

Correlation between mammalian cell cytotoxicity of flavonoids and the redox potential of phenoxyl radical/phenol couple

Flavonoids exhibit prooxidant cytotoxicity in mammalian cells due to the formation of free radicals and oxidation products possessing quinone or quinomethide structure. However, it is unclear how the cytotoxicity of flavonoids depends on the ease of their single-electron oxidation in aqueous medium, i.e., the redox potential of the phenoxyl radical/phenol couple. We verified the previously calculated redox potentials for several flavonoids according to their rates of reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, and proposed experimentally-based values of redox potentials for myricetin, fisetin, morin, kaempferol, galangin, and naringenin. We found that the cytotoxicity of flavonoids (n=10) in bovine leukemia virus-transformed lamb kidney fibroblasts (line FLK) and murine hepatoma (line MH-22a) increases with a decrease in their redox potential of the phenoxyl radical/phenol couple and an increase in their lipophilicity. Their cytotoxicity was decreased by antioxidants and inhibitors of cytochromes P-450, α-naphthoflavone and isoniazide, and increased by an inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase, 3,5-dinitrocatechol. It shows that although the prooxidant action of flavonoids may be the main factor in their cytotoxicity, the hydroxylation and oxidative demethylation by cytochromes P-450 and O-methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase can significantly modulate the cytotoxicity of the parent compounds.