植物无性杂交的新方法

在1950年苏联医学科学院生物学部举行的生活物质和细胞发展问题的会议上,奥·帕·勒柏辛斯卡娅院士在谈到植物界细胞起源问题时,曾表示任无性杂交的实践中,不用枝条而用植物的汁液嫁接可能性的意见.为了企图使这个可能性成为事实,我在1951年开始试验研碎另一种植物茎的方法得到汁液,注射到茎里去.因为植物组织缺乏弹性的缘故,经过几次失败之     

新疆晚三叠世哈萨克虫动物群的进一步研究

新疆上三叠统黄山街组的哈萨克虫是一种已经绝灭了的淡水甲壳类，它与背甲目的淡水鲎虫是形态相似、关系密切、平行演化的两个枝系，但地质和地理分布远比后者短和局限，在划分和对比有关陆相地层上十分有意义。过去国内外学者曾对它进行过多次研究，但对化石本身一些结构构造和形态功能的了解还不十分清楚，甚或有错误。本文所研究的材料采自吐鲁番、准噶尔和塔里木盆地，270块标本上有400多个体，近半数保存有软体印模，有些标本连胸肢上透明的扇叶的轮廓也由刚毛的痕模压印了出来，有些标本上还保存有卵粒、食物团、才由肛门排出的粪便以及刚刚孵化出来的幼仔等，精美绝伦，堪称化石矿珍藏。通过对这些材料的研究，发现哈萨克虫有一对远远分开的眼睛长在唇瓣后侧前额的外缘，背器官下方的圆形凸起不是“一双愈合的复眼”，而与颚间片上的构造有关；除第二触角外还有第一触角，比前者略短；11对胸肢的最后两对稍有变化，其前端的3个内肢退化成2个，修正了过去对每个胸肢结构构造认识上的错误，找到了鳃副叶与扇叶的正确位置。记述了淡水鲎虫与哈萨克虫的区别，阐明了后者的生活习性，并对其个体发育、筋肉系统、血液与脱氧的关系、生存古环境等方面的问题进行了讨论和探索     

Studies on preimplantation development of buffalo embryos

A total of 71 lactating and nonlactating buffalo-cows of the Murrah breed and F(1)-F(3) crossbreds of Murrah x Bulgarian buffalo were used for a year as donors of embryos after a preliminary treatment for superovulation induction with pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin (PMSG) or follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in combination with prostaglandin F-2 alpha analog (PGF-2 alpha) according to general application procedures in cows. From 36 to 72 h following prostaglandin injection, the buffalo-cows were checked with the help of a teaser bull for detection of estrus. The animals in estrus were inseminated twice either naturally or artificially with frozen semen. Nonsurgical flushing of the uterine horns was done in 45 of the buffalo-cows between 108 and 162 h after the onset of estrus. After slaughter the uterine horns and oviducts of the other 26 animals were flushed separately between 74 and 108 h after the beginning of estrus. Seven late morulae and eight hatched blastocysts were recovered between 114 and 116 h from the onset of estrus as a result of nonsurgical flushing. All of the 40 embryos recovered after 117 h were in the hatched blastocyst stage. As a result of flushing the oviducts and the uterine horns of slaughtered donors between 74 and 100 h, eggs were obtained only from the oviducts, while flushing conducted between 102 and 108 yielded eggs from both the oviducts and the uterine horns.     

Na-Stimulated Transport of l-Methionine in Brevibacterium linens CNRZ 918

The transport of l-methionine by the gram-positive species Brevibacterium linens CNRZ 918 is described. The one transport system (K(m) = 55 muM) found is constitutive for l-methionine, stereospecific, and pH and temperature dependent. Entry of l-methionine into cells is controlled by the internal methionine pool. Competition studies indicate that l-methionine and alpha-aminobutyric acid share a common carrier for their transport. Neither methionine derivatives substituted on the amino or carboxyl groups nor d-methionine was an inhibitor, whereas powerful inhibition was shown by l-cysteine, s-methyl-l-cysteine, dl-selenomethionine and dl-homocysteine. Sodium plays important and varied roles in l-methionine transport by B. linens CNRZ 918: (i) it stimulates transport without affecting the K(m), (ii) it increases the specific activity (on a biomass basis) of the l-methionine transport system when present with methionine in the medium, suggesting a coinduction mechanism. l-Methionine transport requires an exogenous energy source, which may be succinic, lactic, acetic, or pyruvic acid but not glucose or sucrose. The fact that l-methionine transport was stimulated by potassium arsenate and to a lesser extent by potassium fluoride suggests that high-energy phosphorylated intermediates are not involved in the process. Monensin eliminates stimulation by sodium. Gramicidin and carbonyl cyanide-m-chlorophenylhydrazone act in the presence or absence of Na. N-Ethylmaleimide, p-chloromercurobenzoate, valinomycin, sodium azide, and potassium cyanide have no or only a partial inhibitory effect. These results tend to indicate that the proton motive force reinforced by the Na gradient is involved in the mechanism of energy coupling of l-methionine transport by B. linens CNRZ 918. Thus, this transport is partially similar to the well-described systems in gram-negative bacteria, except for the role of sodium, which is very effective in B. linens, a species adapted to the high sodium levels of its niche.     

Energization and activation of inorganic carbon uptake by light in cyanobacteria

The requirement of the inorganic carbon (C_i) transport system for light in cyanobacteria was investigated in Anabaena variabilis by the filtering centrifugation technique and in a mutant (E₁) isolated from Anacystis nidulans using a gas exchange system. C_i transport capability increased with time of preillumination and decreased following darkening. Full activity could not be obtained by operating either photosystem II (PSII) or photosystem I alone. 3(3,4 Dichlorophenyl)-1,1 dimethylurea strongly inhibited C_i uptake. Very low activity of PSII was sufficient to activate C_i uptake. However, in the presence of dithiothreitol PSII activity was not required. We conclude that light may be required to activate as well as to energize C_i uptake in cyanobacteria.     

Agrobacterium rhizogenes T-DNA genes capable of inducing hairy root phenotype

Summary Segments of the TL-DNA of the agropine type Ri plasmid pRi 1855 encompassing single and groups of open-reading frames were cloned in the Ti plasmid-derived binary vector system Bin 19. Leaf disc infections on Nicotiana tabacum led to transformed plants, some of which showed typical hairy root phenotypes, such as the wrinkled leaf morphology, excessive and partially non geotropic root systems and the ability of leaf explants to differentiate roots in a hormone-free culture medium. Particularly interestingly, most of these traits were shown by plants transformed with a TL-DNA segment encompassing the single ORF 11, corresponding to the rolB locus. Hairy root can be induced by this latter T-DNA segment on wounded stems of tobacco plants; hairy root induction on carrot discs requires, on the contrary, a more complex complement of TL-DNA genes.Abbreviations YMB yeast mannitol broth - MS Murashige and Skoog medium - 6-BAP 6-benzylaminopurine - NAA naphthalene acetic acid - Km kanamycin - Cb carbenicillin     

Amino Acid Metabolism of Lemna minor L. : II. Responses to Chlorsulfuron

Chlorsulfuron, an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (EC 4.1.3.18) (TB Ray 1984 Plant Physiol 75: 827-831), markedly inhibited the growth of Lemna minor at concentrations of 10⁻⁸ molar and above, but had no inhibitory effects on growth at 10⁻⁹ molar. At growth inhibitory concentrations, chlorsulfuron caused a pronounced increase in total free amino acid levels within 24 hours. Valine, leucine, and isoleucine, however, became smaller percentages of the total free amino acid pool as the concentration of chlorsulfuron was increased. At concentrations of chlorsulfuron of 10⁻⁸ molar and above, a new amino acid was accumulated in the free pool. This amino acid was identified as α-amino-n-butyrate by chemical ionization and electron impact gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The amount of α-amino-n-butyrate increased from undetectable levels in untreated plants, to as high as 840 nanomoles per gram fresh weight (2.44% of the total free pool) in plants treated with 10⁻⁴ molar chlorsulfuron for 24 hours. The accumulation of this amino acid was completely inhibited by methionine sulfoximine. Chlorsulfuron did not inhibit the methionine sulfoximine induced accumulations of valine, leucine, and isoleucine, supporting the idea that the accumulation of the branched-chain amino acids in methionine sulfoximine treated plants is the result of protein turnover rather than enhanced synthesis. Protein turnover may be primarily responsible for the failure to achieve complete depletion of valine, leucine, and isoleucine even at concentrations of chlorsulfuron some 10⁴ times greater than that required to inhibit growth. Tracer studies with ¹⁵N demonstrate that chlorsulfuron inhibits the incorporation of ¹⁵N into valine, leucine, and isoleucine. The α-amino-n-butyrate accumulated in the presence of chlorsulfuron and [¹⁵N]H₄⁺ was heavily labeled with ¹⁵N at early time points and appeared to be derived by transamination from a rapidly labeled amino acid such as glutamate or alanine. We propose that chlorsulfuron inhibition of acetolactate synthase may lead to accumulation of 2-oxobutyrate in the isoleucine branch of the pathway, and transamination of 2-oxobutyrate to α-amino-n-butyrate by a constitutive transaminase utilizing either glutamate or alanine as α-amino-N donors.