九月份生物各学科实验准备

植物学(实验一和实验二) 材料用具:显微镜(低倍镜)、小块紫色洋葱鳞茎(若无紫色洋葱时,还需准备碘液染色)、内盛清水的小烧杯、吸管、镊子、刀片、牙签(代替解剖针)、载玻片、盖玻片、小片吸水纸、绘图纸,番茄、红色柿子椒各一个(演示用)。示范镜的准备:1.示成熟的番茄果肉细胞:用牙签挑取果肉细胞制成装片观察。2.示辣椒表皮细胞:将柿子椒用小刀切成小块,清除掉果肉制成无色表皮细胞,观察胞间连丝,如用卡宝染液(改良苯酚品红染色液)染色效果更好。卡宝染色液配制方法如下: ①取3克碱性品红,溶于100m170％酒精中,配成母液     

我们怎样开展对青少年的青春期教育

对中学生进行青春期教育是学校进行系列化教育的重要一环,是学校、家庭和社会的共同任务,也是关系到国家民族的未来,使青少年健康成长的重要问题。因此,有必要正确引导中学生了解生理和心理上的变化,克服消极因素,以便使他们集中精力,学好知识本领,     

大麦花粉发育的电镜观察(封二照片说明)

本文用透射电镜观察了大麦(品种苏啤一号)花药中花粉母细胞发育成花粉粒的过程。图1 花粉母细胞时期花药横切面局部,×2350。花药可分为两个部分:花药壁层和花粉母细胞。花药壁层由四层细胞组成,自外向内为表皮     

Recycle use of immobilized glucoamylase by tangential flow filtration unit

Various properties of glucoamylase immobilized onto corn stover supporting material and separation of immobilized enzyme by tangential flow filtration unit were studied. Optimum pH and temperature of immobilized enzyme were 3.5 and 60 degrees C, respectively. Enzyme stability was studied in a packed-bed column. The starch conversion rate was attained at 81% for 15 days; after that, the hydrolysis rate gradually decreased. Size of supporting material proved to be an important factor, with higher activity and good loading yield resulting from smaller supporting material. Glucoamylase immobilized onto supporting material less than 44 mum was used for hydrolysis of 10% soluble starch at pH 3.5 and 40 degrees C for 3 h. Then immobilized glucoamylase was separated from the product by means of a tangential flow filtration unit using a 0.2-mum pore size Nylon 66 membrane filter. This operation was continued until 180 ml filtrate was obtained from a 260-mL starting volume. Then, the next batch was started by adding 180 mL starch substrate into the reactor. The batchwise experiments were repeated 20 times. The average filtration rate of each batch was determined and found to sharply decline during the first four batches. Thereafter, it gradually decreased from batch to batch. The cause of decreasing filtration rate appeared to be due to retrogradation of starch. The percentage of starch hydrolysis within 20 batches was in the range 89-96%. The filtration rate becomes higher if the hydrolyzation time is extended to 14 h. Resistance to filtration was also investigated. Almost all of the total resistance is related to insoluble materials, with the significant part of this from the resistance due to insoluble materials deposited on a surface of membrane and boundary layer resistance. Using a microscopic method, no microorganisms were found in the filtrate.     

Energetic and rate effects on methanogenesis of ethanol and propionate in perturbed CSTRs

Energetic and reaction-rate interactions between hydrogenic (hydrogen-producing) and hydrogenotrophic (hydrogen-consuming) bacteria were investigated in five perturbation experiments performed on steady-state, mixed-culture methanogenic CSTRs receiving ethanol, propionate, or both hydrogenic substrates. When a large quantity of propionate was suddenly added to a propionatefed CSTR, P(H(2) ) increased to 10(-4) atm and propionate oxidation remained energetically favorable. When ethanol was added to a CSTR receiving ethanol, P(H(2) ) rose to 6.3 x 10(-3) atm within 5 h. In both perturbations, P(H(2) ) remained at levels such that oxidation of the hydrogenic substrate remained energetically favorable throughout the transient. Sudden increase in ethanol concentration in the ethanol- and propionate-fed CSTR resulted in an increase in P(H(2) ) such that propionate oxidation became energetically unfavorable and was blocked. Propionate utilization resumed when the added ethanol was depleted and P(H(2) ) returned to its previous steady-state levels. Ethanol perturbation of ethanol- and propionate-fed CSTRs led to the formation of reduced products, including n-propanol and four-through seven-carbon n-carboxylic acids, when P(H(2) ) was elevated; these products disappeared after P(H(2) ) returned to previous, steady-state levels. The transformations were consistent with reaction energetics. Reduced product formation may have been a sink for reducing equivalents, as an alternative to oxidation for propionate utilization, as indicated by an electron equivalents balance over the time course of experiments.     

An adaptive state estimator for detecting contaminants in bioreactors

An algorithm is presented for detecting the appearance of contaminants during batch or fed-batch fermentations, using only presently available on-line measurements. Its adaptive nature enables it to rely on almost no prior knowledge of the real process. The necessary on-line measurements are total biomass and its production rate; it is also shown how a physical variable such as oxygen uptake can be used alone instead. The algorithm's properties are studied theoretically and through simulations. These were confirmed by on-line experimental results, obtained with a Yeast culture, both pure and contaminated by a Bacteria. The algorithm does not detect contaminants when none are there, and it also provides a convergent estimate of a pure culture's specific growth rate. Contaminated cultures are recognized by the algorithm, and this detection can be made more or less conservative. After detection, the various estimates may diverge, due to general observability difficulties, though this divergence can itself be monitored. Moreover, the algorithm is easy to tune and its qualitative behavior is quite insensitive to its adjustable parameters. A practical criterion and scheme for implementation are proposed. The generality of the approach, which far exceeds the experimental system used, is finally discussed.     

Affinity-specific protein separations using ligand-coupled particles in aqueous two-phase systems: I. Process concept and enzyme binding studies for pyruvate kinase and alcohol dehydrogenase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae

A process using ligand-coupled particles in aqueous polyethylene glycol-dextran two-phase polymer systems was developed to achieve a highly selective, scaleable biochemical separation process. Product protein is bound to the ligand-coupled particles that quantitatively distribute to the polyethylene glycol-rich upper phase. Other proteins and contaminants partition preferentially to the dextran-rich lower phase.The process offers significant advantages over affinity partitioning here the ligand is coupled to the backbone of a polyethylene glycol polymer. These advantages include a much wider diversity of ligands that can be coupled to particles and more effective confinement of the ligand in the process. Affinity partition with ligands coupled to particles is more amenable to scale-up than is affinity chromatography. A variety of commercially available Sepharose-based particles are suitable for this process. Homogenates from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is genetically altered to overproduce pyruvate kinase, and Cibacron blue F3G-A-coupled Sepharose particles are used as a model system for the process. Binding studies with/without aqueous two-phase systems show that the formation of a two-phase system after the adsorption equilibrium is reached does not affect the apparent dissociation constant. Binding of protein to ligand-coupled particles is more rapid in single-phase systems than in the polymer two-phase system. Single-phase binding eliminates the mass transfer resistance associated with redistribution of product protein from the dextran-rich bottom phase to the polyethylene glycol-rich top phase.     

The kinetics and mechanism of shear inactivation of lipase from Candida cylindracea

Shearing experiments were conducted in a stirred tank reactor with 0.1% lipase solutions of Candida cylindracea. Inactivation of the lipase solutions were observed at various shear rates from 50 to 150 s(-1) after continuous shearing for ca. 30-240 min under optimal pH and temperature conditions. However, there was no shear stress denaturation of the lipase when it was subjected to shear stresses of 0.72-109.2 kg/m/s(2) and shear rate of 100 s(-1). In the presence of polypropylene glycol, the rate of denaturation of the lipase decreased by 93%. When the lipase solution was filled to the brim, the rate of denaturation of the lipase decreased by 97% compared to that when reactor was half-filled. The rate of denaturation of the lipase decreased by 61% when probes in the fermentor were removed. There was no significant difference in the rate of denaturation of the lipase under ambient conditions compared with that in the absence of oxygen, or in the absence of free metal ions. Recovery of lipase activity from the first hour of shearing was observed at a shear rate of 150 s(-1). The native lipase and the lipase which had recovered its activity showed similar pH profiles, temperature profiles, and activation energies. Temperature was found to have no effect in the rate of shear-induced denaturation of the lipase in the range 20 to 30 degrees C during shearing at 100 s (-1)and optimal pH. Above 30 degrees C, the rate of denaturation of the lipase increased drastically as a function of temperature. The significance of the findings in the de sign of reactor systems for hydrolysis or esterification of oils by lipase will be discussed.