小黑麦二体、单体和端体异附加系的Giemsa C带的研究

本文应用Giemsa C显带技术,对小黑麦异附加系材料进行了分析鉴定,从中鉴定出附加有黑麦染色体7R的二体异附加系;附加有1R、4R、6R和7R的单体异附加系;附加1R、6R和7R的单端双体异附加系;附加1R短臂(1RS)和6R短臂(6RS)的单端体异附加系。此外,还鉴定出附加4R和7R的单端体异附加系,但附加的端着丝点染色体是长臂还是短臂,尚未判明。     

微核形成与细胞周期关系的初步研究Ⅰ.人体全血辐射处理后不同放置和培养时间对微核率的影响

本报告应用γ-射线诱发微核、放射性自显影等技术分析细胞周期,研究淋巴细胞微核形成与细胞周期间的定量关系。主要结果如下:(1)经400rad照射的静脉血,在室温下放置1.5小时,或在37℃下放置5小时,此时淋巴细胞属G_0期。和照射前相比,两组微核率均显著增加(P<0.01)。(2)照射静脉血经pHA刺激培养23—24小时收获细胞,此时转化淋巴细胞应属G_1期,分别计数转化和未转化(G_0期)淋巴细胞微核,与照射前未培养淋巴细胞相比有显著增加(P<0.01)。(3)400rad照射静脉血培养72小时后,淋巴细胞微核较培养前增加14.5倍。根据放射性自显影等细胞周期分析结果表明,微核在细胞周期各阶段均可形成。     

病毒性疾病患者染色体脆裂性的研究

本文研究了若干种病毒性疾病患者的染色体脆裂性,初步探讨了染色体脆裂性的特点及其作为检测生物诱变因子更为敏感的指标的可能性。实验结果表明,MEM-FA中培养的细胞染色体自发畸变率显著高于完全培养基(MEM)。病毒性肝炎患者的染色体畸变率在两种培养基中有显著差异。流行性腮腺炎、水痘和麻疹组同对照相比没有明显差异。在MEM-FA中培养的淋巴细胞染色体畸变位点,以3p14最为多见。在不同季节染色体畸变率和3p14部位断裂频率上下波动。     

人体肺腺癌细胞系LTEP-a1的高分辨染色体研究

应用低浓度秋水仙素处理的方法,对人肺腺癌细胞系LTEP-a1的早中期细胞进行G显带分析。该细胞系第20代培养细胞的染色体众数为100—110,每细胞中有正常染色体32—52条,异常染色体47—73条。共发现17个可以识别其结构的恒定标记染色体,其中有6个涉及1号染色体的断裂和重排,断裂点分别位于lp22、lq11和着丝粒附近。lP31 p36的缺失是作者所分析的3个人肺腺癌细胞系中共有的染色体异常,这一细胞遗传学的改变可能与人肺腺癌的生成有重要联系。     

A new batch calorimeter for aerobic growth studies

A microcalorimeter for aerobic growth studies, derived from a Tian Calvet differential apparatus, was successfully constructed. The calorimetric vessel was a short cylinder, which permitted a good exchange between the surface area and the gas phase. The time constant of the calorimeter was 3.6 min and the sensitivity 234 V/W. The thermochemical aspect of the aerobic growth of Escherichia coli on succinate, acetate, and glucose was investigated. This analysis revealed that the contribution of biosynthetic reactions varied with the substrate used and strongly influenced the heat evolution. The experimental metabolic enthalpy change was in good agreement with the predicted value for succinate and glucose growth. To explain the discrepancy between the two values observed for acetate growth we suggest that acetate metabolism may generate a by-product which was not further oxidized.     

Application of scale-down experiments in the study of kinetics of oxytetracycline biosynthesis

Scale-down experiments in antibiotic biosynthesis were performed by transferring the corresponding amounts of fermentation broth from industrial to laboratory and pilot-plant fermentors where the cultivation process was continued at different cultivation conditions. A previously proposed mathematical model was used to explain the experimental results. The effects of temperature, agitation-aeration intensity, and medium addition during the process were investigated. Computer simulation data were fitted to the experimental data, and good agreement was found. As a consequence of increasing temperature up to 37 degrees C, increases in the specific growth and autolysis rates as well as the specific rates of antibiotic synthesis and carbohydrate utilization were in evidence. Temperature increases of up to 40 degrees C caused a lower oxytetracycline yield. The effect of increased oxygen transfer rate on oxytetracycline biosynthesis was more pronounced at higher temperatures than at lower cultivation temperatures. Culture differentiation (strain segregation) was also studied; it was found that the increased cultivation temperature could be favorable for the growth of biomass active in oxytetracycline biosynthesis. Results of experiments at the pilot-plant scale showed that fed batch and repeated fed batch cultures could be successfully applied and the period of intensive antibiotic synthesis could be prolonged significantly.     

Induction of NADPH-linked D-xylose reductase and NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenase activities in Pachysolen tannophilus by D-xylose, L-arabinose, or D-galactose

Considerable interest in the D-xylose catabolic pathway of Pachysolen tannophilus has arisen from the discovery that this yeast is capable of fermenting D-xylose to ethanol. In this organism D-xylose appears to be catabolized through xylitol to D-xylulose. NADPH-linked D-xylose reductase is primarily responsible for the conversion of D-xylose to xylitol, while NAD-linked xylitol dehydrogenase is primarily responsible for the subsequent conversion of xylitol to D-xylulose. Both enzyme activities are readily detectable in cell-free extracts of P. tannophilus grown in medium containing D-xylose, L-arabinose, or D-galactose and appear to be inducible since extracts prepared from cells growth in media containing other carbon sources have only negligible activities, if any. Like D-xylose, L-arabinose and D-galactose were found to serve as substrates for NADPH-linked reactions in extracts of cells grown in medium containing D-xylose, L-arabinose, or D-galactose. These L-arabinose and D-galactose NADPH-linked activities also appear to be inducible, since only minor activity with L-arabinose and no activity with D-galactose is detected in extracts of cells grown in D-glucose medium. The NADPH-linked activities obtained with these three sugars may result from the actions of distinctly different enzymes or from a single aldose reductase acting on different substrates. High-performance liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography of in vitro D-xylose, L-arabinose, and D-galactose NADPH-linked reactions confirmed xylitol, L-arabitol, and galactitol as the respective conversion products of these sugars. Unlike xylitol, however, neither L-arabitol nor galactitol would support comparable NAD-linked reaction(s) in cellfree extracts of induced P. tannophilus. Thus, the metabolic pathway of D-xylose diverges from those of L-arabinose or D-galactose following formation of the pentitol.     

Startup of anaerobic downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactors

One of the serious problems limiting the application of full-scale anaerobic fixed film processes is reactor startup. To better understand startup, studies with downflow stationary fixed film (DSFF) reactors were conducted to characterize the effects of influent concentration, support material, and surface-to-volume ratio on biofilm development and overall reactor performance. Materials with roughened surfaces gave the best startup performance and as expected increased surface area in the reactors led to more rapid increases in loading rates and higher ultimate loadings. Soluble influent COD concentrations between 5 x 10(3) and 2 x 10(4) mg/L influenced the rate of biofilm development. Lower COD concentrations resulted in faster development of the biofilm, even though ultimate loadings were not necessarily achieved as rapidly as in reactors fed higher strength wastes. No decrease in specific activity of the biofilms in each reactor was observed as the thickness of the biofilms increased to their maximum value at the ultimate loadings. The operation of reactors fed lower strength wastes was more stable than reactors receiving higher strength feeds at comparable loadings. Biofilm yield and activity, COD removals, suspended growth and activity, and other system parameters are discussed.     

Design of a system for the control of low dissolved oxygen concentrations: critical oxygen concentrations for Azotobacter vinelandii and Escherichia coli

The physiological activity of microorganisms in environments with low dissolved oxygen concentrations often differs from the metabolic activity of the same cells growing under fully aerobic or anaerobic conditions. This article describes a laboratory-scale system for the control of dissolved oxygen at low levels while maintaining other parameters, such as agitator speed, gas flowrate, position of sparger outlet, and temperature at fixed values. Thus, it is possible to attribute in dilute nonviscous fermentations all physiologic changes solely to changes in dissolved oxygen. Experiments were conducted with Azotobacter vinelandii and Escherichia coli. Critical oxygen concentrations for growth (that value of oxygen allowing growth at 97% of mu max) were measured as 0.35 +/- 0.03 mg/L for A. vinelandii and 0.12 +/- 0.03 mg/L for E. coli. These values are significantly different from the commonly quoted values for critical oxygen concentrations based on respiration rates. Because of the superior dissolved oxygen control system and an improved experimental protocol preventing CO2 limitation, we believe that the values reported in this work more closely represent reality.     

Immobilized live cell reactor dynamics following dilution rate shift to growth conditions: Cell synchrony effects

Nutrient deprivation was used to synchronize an immobilized live cell culture of Acetobacter suboxydans. The substrate supply was increased by a step change in the dilution rate to the reactor. Oscillations in cell, substrate, and product concentrations were observed. A population balance model was developed to explain the observed reactor dynamics. Simulation results based on the model were used to substantiate the premise that cell synchrony is the likely phenomenon responsible for the observed oscillations. The implications of cell synchrony in immobilized cell systems are discussed briefly.