腌制肉中亚硝酸盐抑菌机理的研究进展

亚硝酸盐是内制品中常用的食品添加剂,具有发色、抑菌、改善风味和质构等作用,特别是亚硝酸盐能够有效的防止内毒梭状杆菌的生长,但是亚硝酸盐具有毒性,亚硝酸根与肉类中的胺类物质反应生成致癌物亚硝胺,使亚硝酸盐的使用受到限制。已有许多亚硝酸盐抑菌机理的研究报道,本文综述了亚硝酸盐作用的微生物、腌制成分和其它因素对亚硝酸盐押菌作用的影响、以及亚硝酸盐抑菌分子机理的研究进展,并对亚硝酸盐作用机理的研究方向进行了展望。     

攻击行为神经机制的研究进展

由于攻击行为与人类犯罪暴力行为密切相关,对其神经生物学机制的研究日益受到广泛关注。本文综述了研究攻击行为所采用的一般模型、与攻击行为相关的脑区及神经递质和激素。尽管与攻击行为相关的化学物质种类很多,但是五羟色胺（serotonin,5-HT）是雄性之间攻击行为发生的决定因素,其他化学物质通过5-HT起作用。     

2005年第16届国际生物学奥林匹克竞赛理论考试答案

题号答案题号答案题号答案题号答案题号答案题号答案题号答案题号答案l一l A l一2 B l一3 D 1-4 E 2 C 3 C 4 B 5 A 6 E 7 D 8 B 9 D l0 ll B l2 D l3 C l4 AC 15 E l6 B l7 B l8 B l9 A 20 C 2l B 22 E 23 B 24 D 25一l G 25一2 F 25一3 D 25--4 A 25一5 B 26 27 28 C 29 E 30     

Rab13 is upregulated during osteoclast differentiation and associates with small vesicles revealing polarized distribution in resorbing cells

Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing multinucleated cells that undergo drastic changes in their polarization due to heavy vesicular trafficking during the resorption cycle. These events require the precise orchestration of membrane traffic in order to maintain the unique characteristics of the different membrane domains in osteoclasts. Rab proteins are small GTPases involved in regulation of most, if not all, steps of vesicle trafficking. The investigators studied RAB genes in human osteoclasts and found that at least 26 RABs were expressed in osteoclasts. Out of these, RAB13 gene expression was highly upregulated during differentiation of human peripheral blood monocytic cells into osteoclasts. To study its possible function in osteoclasts, the investigators performed immunolocalization studies for Rab13 and various known markers of osteoclast vesicular trafficking. Rab13 localized to small vesicular structures at the superior parts of the osteoclast between the trans-Golgi network and basolateral membrane domain. Rab13 localization suggests that it is not involved in endocytosis or transcytosis of bone degradation products. In addition, Rab13 did not associate with early endosomes or recycling endosomes labeled with EEA1 or TRITC-conjugated transferrin, respectively. Its involvement in glucose transporter traffic was excluded as well. It is suggested that Rab13 is associated with a putative secretory function in osteoclasts.     

Passive Detection of Biological Aerosols in the Atmosphere with a Fourier Transform Instrument (FTIR)—the Results of the Measurements in the Laboratory and in the Field

Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful methods for the detection of gaseous constituents, aerosols, and dust in planetary atmospheres. Infrared spectroscopy plays an important role in searching for biomarkers, organics and biological substances in the Universe. The possibility of detection and identifications with FTIR spectrometer of bio-aerosol spores (Bacillus atrophaeus var. globigii=BG) in the atmosphere is discussed in this paper. We describe the results of initial spectral measurements performed in the laboratory and in the field. The purpose of these experiments was to detect and to identify bio-aerosol spores in two conditions: 1) In a closed chamber where the thermal contrast between the background and aerosols was large, and 2) In open air where the thermal contrast between the background and aerosols was small. The extinction spectrum of BG spores was deduced by comparing our measurements with models, and other measurements known from the literature. Our theoretical and experimental studies indicate that, during passive remote sensing measurements, it is difficult-but possible to detect and to identify bio-aerosol clouds by their spectral signatures. The simple spectral analysis described in the paper can be useful for the detection of various kinds of trace aerosols-not only in the Earth's atmosphere, but also during planetary missions in the environments of other astronomical objects such as planets, comets etc. We expect that the interpretation of data from spectrometric sounding of Venus and Mars during the current missions Mars and Venus Express, and later during the Rosetta mission will benefit from our experimental work and numerical modelling.     

太行山南麓低山丘陵区栓皮栎直径变化及其与环境因子的关系

使用周长传感器(Circumference DC2)研究了太行山南麓低山丘陵上栓皮栎人工林树干直径的日变化及其影响因子.结果表明:在季节性干旱期间,栓皮栎树干的直径变化周期性明显,直径收缩与液流启动时间基本一致,直径最小值滞后于液流速率最大值3 ～4 h;栓皮栎直径日最大收缩量(MDS)呈现低-高-低的变化趋势,与累积液流通量和叶片水势日差值极显著相关,与土壤含水量呈显著的二次方程关系.MDS值受气象因子变化的影响,与温度日差值、蒸汽压亏缺日差值和相对湿度日差值显著相关,而与太阳辐射日差值的相关性不显著.连续降水后,土壤水分不再是栓皮栎直径变化的限制因子,MDS值与累积液流通量、叶片水势、土壤含水量和气象因子差值的相关性均不显著.季节性干旱期和雨季的土壤含水量和温度是影响树干直径日变化的主要因子.     

T-bet、GATA-3 与T 细胞亚群在再障中的相关性研究

目的:探讨外周血中T-bet和GATA-3 mRNA的表达在再生障碍性贫血中的发病机制及意义。方法:入选27例再障患者,其中重型再障15例,轻型再障l2例,25例健康体检者为对照组。采用流式细胞术检测参试者外周血Thl和Th2细胞,RT-PCR检测外周血单核细胞中转录因子T-bet和GATA-3 mRNA的表达。结果:与健康对照组相比,再障患者血浆T-bet mRNA与Th1细胞比例显著升高(P<0.01),GATA-3 mRNA与Th2细胞明显降低(P<0.05、P<0.01)。与轻型再障患者相比,重型再障患者血浆转录因子T-bet mRNA及Th1细胞比例均明显升高(P<0.01),GATA-3 mRNA水平与Th2细胞比例也显著下降(P<0.05、P<0.01)。结论:T-bet与GATA-3异常表达可增强Th1细胞功能,抑制Th2细胞功能,导致患者免疫功能异常,最终引起再障发生、发展。     

心衰与低T3 综合征的研究进展

研究发现,慢性心力衰竭时常伴甲状腺功能紊乱,主要表现为"低T3综合征",而甲状腺激素代谢紊乱的严重程度与心衰患者病情发展、预后及远期生存率关系密切,本文着重就心衰伴"低T3综合征"的临床现状及治疗策略的最新研究进展作一综述。     

老年Stanford A 型主动脉夹层外科治疗*

目的:总结老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层外科治疗经验,探讨手术方式的选择,以提高手术疗效。方法:2008年9月至2011年5月对31例老年Stanford A型主动脉夹层行手术治疗,根据夹层破口位置、累及范围、主动脉根部病变情况采取相应术式,W-heat手术2例,David+全弓置换+支架象鼻术3例,Bentall+全弓置换+支架象鼻术9例,改良Wheat+全弓置换+支架象鼻术1例,升主动脉+全弓置换+支架象鼻术16例。同时行冠状动脉旁路移植术4例,心包剥脱术1例。结果:全组体外循环(221±43)min,平均心肌阻断(132±41)min,深低温停循环(47±12)min。术后并发症12例(38.7%),其中2例死亡,8例治愈(66.7%),2例术后出现肾功能衰竭家属放弃治疗。全组病人出院前复查主动脉CTA,见升主动脉、弓部人工血管血流通畅,支架位置正常,无明显移位。支架远端降主动脉假腔闭合率87.1%。随访2~35个月,术后近期死亡1例(3.2%),无再次手术者。结论:对老年StanfordA型主动脉夹层这一高危人群,术中根据其病变部位施行最佳的外科手术方式,可明显降低死亡率,改善患者预后。     

NDRG2 通过影响CD24 调控乳腺癌细胞的粘附能力

目的:阐明NDRG2(N-Myc downstream-regulated gene 2)在乳腺癌细胞中对CD24的调控及其对乳腺癌细胞粘附能力的影响。方法:RT-PCR和Western blot方法检测乳腺癌细胞MCF-7及Bcap-37中NDRG2和CD24的表达;通过腺病毒上调MCF-7细胞中NDRG2的表达,或利用siRNA下调Bcap-37细胞中NDRG2的表达,检测CD24基因和蛋白的变化。粘附实验检测改变NDRG2表达水平后对MCF-7及Bcap-37细胞粘附能力的影响。结果:MCF-7细胞中NDRG2基因和蛋白的表达水平低于Bcap-37细胞,而CD24的表达水平高于Bcap-37细胞;在MCF-7细胞中通过腺病毒载体上调NDRG2可以抑制CD24的表达并抑制其粘附能力,而在Bcap-37细胞中利用siRNA下调NDRG2的表达可以提高CD24的水平及细胞的粘附能力;结论:NDRG2通过影响CD24参与调控乳腺癌细胞的粘附能力。