Das Gastroderm im Prozeß der Regeneration der Hydra

Zusammenfassung Es wurden Amputationen an Hydren in der hypostomalen Region durchgeführt. Das Material wurde in verschiedenen Zeitabschnitten fixiert (von 5 min bis 19 Std). Die Heilung der Wunde findet unter Mitwirkung aller entodermalen Zellen statt. Der Prozeß der Regeneration geht von zymogenen Zellen aus, welche sich zu Neoblasten entdifferenzieren. Diese wandeln sich durch Differentiation in ektodermale Zellelemente um. Das alte Ektoderm hat an der Bildung des jungen Ektoderms im Gebiete der Wunde keinen Anteil.Der Wandel des Entoderms im Verlaufe der Heilung der Wunde und der Regeneration wurde mit Hilfe histochemischer Methode zur Darstellung der sauren Phosphatase verfolgt. Es wurde die Annahme geäußert, daß die zymogenen Zellen auch bei der normalen Hydra das Ektoderm mit neuen Zellen versorgen.

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The gastroderm in the process of the regeneration of hydra

Summary The amputations of the hydra in the hypostomal region have been performed. The material has been fixed in various time intervals after the amputation (from 5 min to 19 hours).The healing of the wound is done with the participation of all endodermal cells, the regeneration process with the help of zymogenic cells which dedifferenciate into neoblasts, and the neoblasts develop into ectodermal cell elements by differentiation. The old ectoderm does not take part in forming the young ectoderm in the wound area.The participation of endoderm in healing the wound and in the regeneration has been stated by the method for the acid phosphatase. It is supposed that the zymogenic cells also in normal hydra supply the ectoderm with new cells.

     

The variability of critical species ofLotus L. in Iran and in the neighbouring countries I. the circle ofL. corniculatus L. andL. gebelia Vent.

The region of Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan and the neighbouring countries is important for some groups of the speciesLotus L., especially those of the circle ofL. corniculatus L. andL. gebelia Vent. The first group is represented by the speciesL. corniculatus L. with 4 subspecies (3 of which are important for this region), andL. tenuis Waldst. etKit. which here attains the eastern boundary of the continuous area of distribution, and by the eastern speciesL. krylovii Schischk. etSerg. andL. rechingeri Chrtková-?ertová. The second group is represented by the speciesL. gebelia Vent.,L. michauxianus Ser. in DC. andL. libanoticus Boiss. their areas of distribution covering mostly those regions. Most of the species show considerable variability within the species.     

Xylem water flow in a crack willow tree (Salix fragilis L.) in relation to diurnal changes of environment

Summary The diurnal course of the xylem water flow in a solitary Salix fragilis L. tree in a wet grassland was measured using the tissue heat-balance method. There was considerable variation due to meteorological factors. Maximum flow rate was 0.4 kg h^-1 m^-2 of crown projection area, or 5.9 kg h^-1 kg^-1 leaf dry weight. The daily total was 2.4 kg m^-2 day^-1 or 36 kg kg^-1 day^-1. Water flow decreased immediately at the tree base and at the branches after start of rain, and in a branch, after cutting it off: the time constant of the system was 600–700 s in both cases. The part of the crown oriented to the sun transpired up to ten times as much as the shaded part. Over 70% of the total cross-sectional area of the conductive xylem vessels of the trunk was used by the transpiration flow. The water content of the trunk tracked the diurnal changes of the xylem water flow rate with a short time-lag. During the day, 1% of the trunk volume was temporarily exploited as water reserve, an amount equalling 3% of daily water loss. The stereometric configuration of the crown significantly influenced its water loss. During the summer period, about 33 mature (polycormic) trees per ha may drain 100% of water consumed by the present-day sedge-grass marsh.     

Chitin contents in different morphological forms ofRhizopus nigricans

Chitin (one of the major cell wall constituents ofZygomycetes) was determined in different morphological forms ofRhizopus nigricans mycelia grown at different cultivating conditions. Microscopic observation and chemical analysis has revealed that at the phase of active growth, long and sparsely branched hyphae of dispersed mycelia contain 2.3% of dry cell mass of this structural polysaccharide, which is higher than the value found in pellets of the same age. A large increase in chitin content up to 9.0% of cell dry mass was determined in older, partially autolyzed mycelia in the form of pellets.     

Quantitative assessment of cell damagein situ: Electron microprobe X-ray analysis of model organisms treated with noxious species

The existing set of methods for assessing toxicity of noxas, based on experiments with whole animals (subclinical toxicity, toxicokinetics, carcinogenity, teratogenity, neurotoxicologyetc.) does not provide much information about cellular and subcellular effects such compounds may exert. We suggest to complement the current methodology by combining a traditional morphological observation in an electron microscope with a spectroscopic method of electron microprobe X-ray analysis (or X-ray microanalysis). The latter makes it possible to measure concentrations of chemical elements in invidividual cells and organelles and effects of noxas can thus be assessed (i) at subcellular level, (ii) directlyin situ and (iii) quantitatively. Concentrations of biologically important elements such as phosphorus, sulfur or zinc were measured in individual organelles in both intact and noxa-treated tissues, thus offering a possibility of comparing the effects of various noxious species at subcellular level (with the noxa previously applied to whole tissue or animal). The suggested correlation of analytical and morphological information may also provide new insights into cellular targeting of noxas (and potentially also drugs) as some organelles appear to be much more susceptible to damage than others. Presented at the 4th Mini-Symposium on Biosorption and Microbial Degradation, Prague, Czech Republic, November 26–29, 1996.     

Comparative analysis of growth and movements of the aboveground parts in some deciduous woody species

Vertical projections of nutation movements in the epicotyls of sessile oak, Turkey oak, horse chestnut and hypocotyls of European beech were recorded by means of photography and time-lapse cinematography at the early stages of their ontogeny. Attention was paid to the kinetics of growth rate, diameter of the lower part of the elongating zone, and the form, amplitude and frequency of nutation turns. At the beginning of ontogeny the vertical projection of the movements of all woody species under study was represented by irregular curves, followed by elliptical trajectories, particularly when reaching the maximum growth rate. The highest average growth rate was recorded in horse chestnut, followed by oak, and the lowest values were exhibited by beech. As to the size of amplitudes opposite results were obtained. The frequency of turns proved to be a less sensitive parameter characterizing the movement. It is suggested that the geocontrol system of horse chestnut is more effective than that of oak and, especially, of beech.     

Variability and familial transmission of constitutive heterochromatin of human chromosomes evaluated by the method of linear measurement

Summary Using the method of linear measurement, the lengths of constitutive heterochromatin of chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y were determined in 125 unrelated individuals, and in 30 members of ten families. The method used eliminates the variations in the C-band length due to different degrees of contraction of chromosomes in different mitoses, and enables the size of heterochromatin blocks to be expressed. It was found that the distribution of C-band lengths in the group of 125 individuals was normal, i.e., Gaussian, for all four classes of chromosomes measured. On the basis of length distribution and by computing the P₁, P₁₀, P₉₀ and P₉₉ percentiles, the actual numerical limits could be proposed for the five-step evaluation of heterochromatin length according to the Paris Conference (1971), Supplement (1975), for chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and in a preliminary way also for Y. When applying the proposed limits to data obtained in the present study, 165 C-band variants could be identified among the 125 individuals.In ten families, C-block lengths of the chromosomes transmitted from parents to progeny could be determined in 63 cases. The mean difference in C-band length of transmitted chromosomes, as measured in parents and in children, was 0.46×10^-7 m. An analysis was carried out to detect the factors upon which the magnitude of this difference depends, and to define what differences are attributable to methodological errors. The results revealed that the difference rises slightly with the increasing length of the measured C block. Three degrees, defined by concrete ranges of difference in C-block length, were proposed for expressing the probability that the compared chromosomes had been transmitted.The study further attests to the effectiveness of the method of constitutive heterochromatin measurement for paternity testing. In our set of ten families, the comparison of C-band lengths of chromosomes 1, 9, 16, and Y led to rejection of paternity in 64% of unrelated individuals; excluding the Y chromosome, the percentage decreased to 61. As many as 47% of the individuals were rejected by a difference higher than two units (i.e., transmission of the compared chromosome highly improbable).     

The distribution ofVicia cassubica in Czechoslovakia

Vicia cassubica L. in Czechoslovakia belongs to the characteristic species of light decidous forests, especially oak forests, and of their edges, predominantly in the range of the Pannonian flora and in the adjacent regions.V. cassubica appears little variable both in Czechoslovakia and in its total distribution area.