Apoptosis and nutrition: Involvement of amino acid transport system in repression of hybridoma cell death

Mouse hybridoma cells cultured on the verge of starvation-induced apoptosis, i.e. in a medium diluted with saline, proved to serve as a sensitive screening system for apoptosis-suppressing activity of nutrient medium components. Conventional amino acid mixtures were found to suppress the starvation-induced apoptosis, whereas a vitamin mixture was ineffective. (Frank F (1995) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 45: 86–90). Recent experiments showed that suppression of apoptosis, and concurrent resumption of growth, could be achieved by addition of single substances at millimolar concentrations. The set of active substances included certain coded L-amino acids (glycine, alanine, serine, threonine, proline, asparagine, glutamine, histidine), non-coded amino acids (-alanine, taurine, 4-aminobutyric acid), and a non-metabolizable analogue (2-aminoisobutyric acid). This finding shows that some amino acids do not act solely as nutrients, but also as specific signal molecules. The specificity of the effect points to the involvement of adaptively regulated amino acid transport systems A and N in maintaining the balance between triggering and suppression of starvation-induced apoptosis.     

Effect of growth supplements and whey pretreatment on butyric acid production by Clostridium butyricum

Improved production of butyrate (up to 19 g/l) from whey by Clostridium butyricum was achieved by adding either yeast extract (5 g/l) or biotin (50 g/l). Hydrolysed lactose and proteolysed whey were less effective even with added biotin.The authors are with the Department of Biochemical Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Slovak Technical University, Radlinského 9, Bratislava 812 37, Slovakia     

Relationship between the structure of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazones and inhibition of growth of microorganisms,stimulation of respiration of yeast cells and rat liver mitochondria

The effect of ten derivatives of carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone on growth of bacteria, yeast and different species of filamentous fungi was investigated. In yeast and mitochondria isolated from rat liver the effect of these derivatives on the respiratory activity was also followed. The relative efficiency of the individual derivatives of earbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone was determined on the basis of the results obtained. It was shown that derivatives, in which the substituent on the benzene ring causes simultaneously an increase of acidity and lipophilicity of the derivative as compared with the non-substituted carbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (4-trifluoromethoxy-, 3-chloro-, 4-chloro and 3,4-dichloroderivatives) were most effective.     

Cytochemical and biological properties ofMycobacterium bovis BCG

It was the aim of the present communication to find a simple test for a reliable discrimination ofMycobacterium bovis BCG fromMycobacterium tuberculosis. A total of 26 BCG strains, out of them 10 Czechoslovak strains (2 lyophilized cultures of BCG of different batch, 6 strains isolated from abscesses of children after BCG-vaccination and 2 strains from fatal cases after BCG-vaccination) and 16 strains obtained from foreign laboratories, were used. Of the tested characteristics a combination of 3 tests, sensitivity to 1 μg of 2-thiophene carbonylhydrazide (TCH), activity of 3 acylamidases (urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase) and a quantitative nitrate test, was found to be most advantageous. The Czechoslovak strains ofMycobacterium bovis BCG were fully sensitive to TCH, of the 3 acylamidases mentioned above only urease was positive and nitrate was reduced only little or not at all. On the other hand, strains ofMycobacterium tuberculosis were always resistant to TCH, had positive urease, nicotinamidase and pyrazinamidase and reduced nitrate very intensively.     

Transforming activity of plasmid and chromosomal DNA inEscherichia coli

An auxotrophic strain ofEscherichia coli with therecB recC sbcB genotype was transformed by chromosomal DNA of the prototrophic strain and by plasmid DNA carrying genes for antibiotic resistance (R1drd 19). The donor plasmid DNA obtained by cell lysis in the presence of Triton X-100 and subsequent centrifugation in a caesium chloride-ethidium bromide gradient was shown to have a circulaf molecule and to retain its completeness after penetration into the recipient. Experiments with mixtures or plasmid and chromosomal DNA indicate a competition between these two DNA types during the transformation reaction in the given system.     

Genetic definition of a further gene region and identification of at least three different histocompatibility genes in the rat major histocompatibility system

Two new recombinant haplotypes of the rat major histocompatibility system,RT1, have been detected in [LEW.1A (RT1 ^a ) ×LEW.1W (RT1 ^u )] × LEW 1N(RT1 ⁿ ) segregating hybrids. Recombinantr3 carries theRTL1. A region (determining classical transplantation antigens) and theRT1.B region (determining strong mixed lymphocyte reactivity and genetic control of antipolypeptide immune responsiveness) of the RT1^a parent, bur rejects RT1^a skin grafts. Recombinantr4 carries theA andB regions of the RT1^u parent, but rejects RT1^u skin grafts. The two histocompatibility genes detected are allelic to each other. The relevant locus, designated asH-C, maps to theB-region side of theRT1 system and appears to mark a thirdRT1 gene region,RT1.C. Availability of haplotypes r3 andr4 allowed the definition of a histocompatibility locus in theB region,H-B. The products ofH-C, H-B and of the previously describedH-A gene vary in antigenic strength.     

Enzymatic synthesis of β-lactam antibiotics: A thermodynamic background

The equilibrium constants and the respective standard Gibbs energy changes for hydrolysis of some β-lactam antibiotics have been determined. Native and immobilized penicillin amidase (EC 3.5.1.11) from Escherichia coli has been used as a catalyst. The values of standard Gibbs energy changes corresponding to the pH-independent product of equilibrium concentrations (ΔG⁰_c = ? RT ln K_c) have been calculated. The differences in the structure of the antibiotics nucleus hardly ever affect the value of the pH-independent component of the standard Gibbs energy change (ΔG⁰_c) and value of apparent standard Gibbs energy change at a fixed pH (ΔG^0′_c). At the same time, the value of ΔG⁰_c is more sensitive to the structure of the acyl moiety of the antibiotic; when ampicillin is used instead of benzylpenicillin, ΔG⁰_c increases by ～6.3 kJ mol^?1 (1.5 kcal mol^?1). pH-dependences of the apparent standard Gibbs energy changes for hydrolysis of β-lactam antibiotics have been calculated. The pH-dependences of ΔG^0′_c for hydrolysis of all β-lactam antibiotics have a similar pattern. The thermodynamic pH optimum of the synthesis of these compounds is in the acid pH range (pH < 5.0). The breakage of the β-lactam ring leads to a sharp decrease in the ΔG^0′_c value and a change in the pattern of the pH-dependence. For example, at pH 5.0 ΔG^0′_c decreases from 14.4 kJ mol^?1 for benzylpenicillin to ?1.45 kJ mol^?1 for benzylpenicilloic acid. The reason for these changes is mainly a considerable increase in the pK of the amino group of the nucleus of the antibiotic and, as a consequence, a decrease in the component of standard Gibbs energy change, corresponding to the ionization of the system. The thermodynamic potentials of the enzymatic synthesis of semisynthetic penicillins and cephalosporins on the basis of both free acids and their derivatives (N-acylated amino acids, esters) are discussed. It is shown that with esters of the acids, a high yield of the antibiotic can, in principle, be achieved at higher pH values.     

The role of endogenous cytokinins in correlation between cotyledon and its axillary bud and in hypocotyl regeneration of flax

When flax seedlings are decapitated above cotyledons and three days later one of the two cotyledons is removed then the remaining cotyledon stimulates in four to five days growth of its axillary bud. It has been found that content of endogenous cytokinins was higher in the stimulated bud as compared with the other one already 12 h after the cotyledon removal. Flax seedlings decapitated under cotyledons regenerate adventitious buds on thy hypocotyl stump during 5–6 days. The endogenous fytohormonal preparation of this regeneration was investigated in the 20 mm apical part of the hypocotyl stump. Decrease in auxin and increase in gibberellins was already found during the first day after decapitation while the level of cytokinins increased as late as three days after the apex removal.