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21.
Daniel Padfield Chris Lowe Angus Buckling Richard Ffrench‐Constant Student Research Team Simon Jennings Felicity Shelley Jón S. Ólafsson Gabriel Yvon‐Durocher 《Ecology letters》2017,20(10):1250-1260
Gross primary production (GPP) is the largest flux in the carbon cycle, yet its response to global warming is highly uncertain. The temperature dependence of GPP is directly linked to photosynthetic physiology, but the response of GPP to warming over longer timescales could also be shaped by ecological and evolutionary processes that drive variation in community structure and functional trait distributions. Here, we show that selection on photosynthetic traits within and across taxa dampens the effects of temperature on GPP across a catchment of geothermally heated streams. Autotrophs from cold streams had higher photosynthetic rates and after accounting for differences in biomass among sites, biomass‐specific GPP was independent of temperature in spite of a 20 °C thermal gradient. Our results suggest that temperature compensation of photosynthetic rates constrains the long‐term temperature dependence of GPP, and highlights the importance of considering physiological, ecological and evolutionary mechanisms when predicting how ecosystem‐level processes respond to warming. 相似文献
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Eoin J. O'Gorman Ólafur P. Ólafsson Benoît O. L. Demars Nikolai Friberg Guðni Guðbergsson Elísabet R. Hannesdóttir Michelle C. Jackson Liselotte S. Johansson Órla B. McLaughlin Jón S. Ólafsson Guy Woodward Gísli M. Gíslason 《Global Change Biology》2016,22(9):3206-3220
Global warming is widely predicted to reduce the biomass production of top predators, or even result in species loss. Several exceptions to this expectation have been identified, however, and it is vital that we understand the underlying mechanisms if we are to improve our ability to predict future trends. Here, we used a natural warming experiment in Iceland and quantitative theoretical predictions to investigate the success of brown trout as top predators across a stream temperature gradient (4–25 °C). Brown trout are at the northern limit of their geographic distribution in this system, with ambient stream temperatures below their optimum for maximal growth, and above it in the warmest streams. A five‐month mark‐recapture study revealed that population abundance, biomass, growth rate, and production of trout all increased with stream temperature. We identified two mechanisms that contributed to these responses: (1) trout became more selective in their diet as stream temperature increased, feeding higher in the food web and increasing in trophic position; and (2) trophic transfer through the food web was more efficient in the warmer streams. We found little evidence to support a third potential mechanism: that external subsidies would play a more important role in the diet of trout with increasing stream temperature. Resource availability was also amplified through the trophic levels with warming, as predicted by metabolic theory in nutrient‐replete systems. These results highlight circumstances in which top predators can thrive in warmer environments and contribute to our knowledge of warming impacts on natural communities and ecosystem functioning. 相似文献
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MORAIS PAULO AMORIM ANTÓNIO VIEIRA DA SILVA CLÁUDIA RIBEIRO TERESA COSTA SANTOS JORGE AFONSO COSTA HELOÍSA 《Journal of genetics》2015,94(3):509-512
Journal of Genetics - 相似文献
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Behavioural and electrophysiological responses of Triatoma dimidiata nymphs to conspecific faecal volatiles 下载免费PDF全文
Z. GALVEZ‐MARROQUIN L. CRUZ‐LÓPEZ E. A. MALO J. M. RAMSEY J. C. ROJAS 《Medical and veterinary entomology》2018,32(1):102-110
The behavioural and electrophysiological (electroantennography) responses of the first two instars of Triatoma dimidiata (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Latreille to fresh and dry faecal headspace volatile extracts from fifth instar conspecific nymphs and synthetic compounds were analysed in this study. Recently emerged nymphs (3–5 days) aggregated around filter paper impregnated with dry faeces and around filter paper impregnated with extracts from both fresh and dry faeces. Older first instars (10–15 days) and second instars aggregated around filter paper impregnated with fresh and dry faeces, and their respective headspace extracts. Dry faecal volatile extracts elicited the strongest antennal responses, followed by fresh faecal extracts. Gas chromatography?mass spectrometry analysis of dried faecal headspace volatiles demonstrated the presence of 12 compounds: 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexanol, 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, n ‐octadecane, n ‐nonadecane, n ‐eicosane, n ‐heneicosane, n ‐tricosane, n ‐pentaeicosane, n ‐hexaeicosane, n ‐octaeicosane, nonanal, and 4‐methyl quinazoline. In fresh faecal headspace extracts, only nonanal was clearly detected, although there were other trace compounds, including several unidentified sesquiterpenes. Four of the 11 compounds tested individually elicited aggregation behaviour at concentrations of 100 ng/µL and 1 µg/µL. A blend containing these four components also mediated the aggregation of nymphs. These volatiles may be valuable for developing monitoring methods and designing sensitive strategies to detect and measure T. dimidiata infestation. 相似文献
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JAMES A. NICHOLLS SONJA PREUSS ALEXANDER HAYWARD GEORGE MELIKA GYÖRGY CSÓKA JOSÉ‐LUIS NIEVES‐ALDREY RICHARD R. ASKEW MAJID TAVAKOLI KARSTEN SCHÖNROGGE GRAHAM N. STONE 《Molecular ecology》2010,19(3):592-609
Little is known about the evolutionary history of most complex multi‐trophic insect communities. Widespread species from different trophic levels might evolve in parallel, showing similar spatial patterns and either congruent temporal patterns (Contemporary Host‐tracking) or later divergence in higher trophic levels (Delayed Host‐tracking). Alternatively, host shifts by natural enemies among communities centred on different host resources could disrupt any common community phylogeographic pattern. We examined these alternative models using two Megastigmus parasitoid morphospecies associated with oak cynipid galls sampled throughout their Western Palaearctic distributions. Based on existing host cynipid data, a parallel evolution model predicts that eastern regions of the Western Palaearctic should contain ancestral populations with range expansions across Europe about 1.6 million years ago and deeper species‐level divergence at both 8–9 and 4–5 million years ago. Sequence data from mitochondrial cytochrome b and multiple nuclear genes showed similar phylogenetic patterns and revealed cryptic genetic species within both morphospecies, indicating greater diversity in these communities than previously thought. Phylogeographic divergence was apparent in most cryptic species between relatively stable, diverse, putatively ancestral populations in Asia Minor and the Middle East, and genetically depauperate, rapidly expanding populations in Europe, paralleling patterns in host gallwasp species. Mitochondrial and nuclear data also suggested that Europe may have been colonized multiple times from eastern source populations since the late Miocene. Temporal patterns of lineage divergence were congruent within and across trophic levels, supporting the Contemporary Host‐tracking Hypothesis for community evolution. 相似文献
27.
The effect of tree species composition, stand structure characteristics and substrate availability on ground-floor bryophyte
assemblages was studied in mixed deciduous forests of Western Hungary. Species composition, species richness and cover of
bryophytes occurring on the soil and logs were analysed as dependent variables. The whole assemblage and functional groups
defined on the basis of substrate preference were investigated separately. Substrate availability (open soil, logs) was the
most prominent factor in determining species composition, cover and diversity positively, while the litter of deciduous trees
had a negative effect on the occurrence of forest floor bryophytes. Besides, bryophyte species richness increased with tree
species and stand structural diversity, and for specialist epiphytic and epixylic species log volume was essential. Sapling
density and light heterogeneity were influential on bryophyte cover, especially for the dominant terricolous species. Many
variables of the forest floor bryophyte community can be estimated efficiently by examining stand structure in the studied
region. Selective cutting increasing tree species diversity, stand structural heterogeneity and dead wood volume can maintain
higher bryophyte diversity in this region than the shelter-wood system producing even-aged, monodominant, structurally homogenous
stands. 相似文献
28.
The reactions of molecular oxygen (O2) and nitric oxide (NO) with reduced Thermus thermophilus (Tt) ba3 and bovine heart aa3 were investigated by time-resolved optical absorption spectroscopy to establish possible relationships between the structural diversity of these enzymes and their reaction dynamics. To determine whether the photodissociated carbon monoxide (CO) in the CO flow-flash experiment affects the ligand binding dynamics, we monitored the reactions in the absence and presence of CO using photolabile O2 and NO complexes. The binding of O2/NO to reduced ba3 in the absence of CO occurs with a second-order rate constant of 1 × 109 M? 1 s? 1. This rate is 10-times faster than for the mammalian enzyme, and which is attributed to structural differences in the ligand channels of the two enzymes. Moreover, the O2/NO binding in ba3 is 10-times slower in the presence of the photodissociated CO while the rates are the same for the bovine enzyme. This indicates that the photodissociated CO directly or indirectly impedes O2 and NO access to the active site in Tt ba3, and that traditional CO flow-flash experiments do not accurately reflect the O2 and NO binding kinetics in ba3. We suggest that in ba3 the binding of O2 (NO) to heme a32 + causes rapid dissociation of CO from CuB+ through steric or electronic effects or, alternatively, that the photodissociated CO does not bind to CuB+. These findings indicate that structural differences between Tt ba3 and the bovine aa3 enzyme are tightly linked to mechanistic differences in the functions of these enzymes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Respiratory Oxidases. 相似文献
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