Reflections on clinical gait analysis

Clinical gait analysis allows the measurement and assessment of walking biomechanics, which facilitates the identification of abnormal characteristics and the recommendation of treatment alternatives. The predominant methods for this analysis currently include the tracking of external markers placed on the patient, the monitoring of patient/ground interaction (e.g. ground reaction forces), and the recording of muscle electromyographic (EMG) activity, all during gait. These data allow the computation of stride and temporal parameters, joint/segment kinematics, joint kinetics, and EMG plots that are used to gain a better understanding of a patient's walking difficulties. Gait interpretation involves a systemic evaluation of each of these types of data, noting both corroborating and conflicting information while identifying functionally significant deviations from the normal. Understanding the etiology of these abnormalities allows the formulation of a treatment plan that may involve physical therapy, bracing, and/or surgery. This process is challenging because of the complexity of the motion, neuromuscular involvement of the patient (e.g. dynamic spasticity), variability of treatment outcome, and on occasion, uncertainty about the quality of the gait data. The experience of the interpretation team with respect to gait biomechanics, a particular patient population, and the effectiveness of different treatment modalities is the principal determinant of the success of this approach. The clinical gait analysis process continues to evolve positively. It has become more comprehensive and meaningful because of an improved understanding of normal gait biomechanics and more rigorous data collection/reduction protocols that complement accumulated clinically relevant experience.     

Vanadium catalyzed oxidation with hydrogen peroxide

Vanadium peroxides are known as very effective oxidants of different organic and inorganic substrates. In this short account reactivity, structural and mechanistic studies concerning the behaviour of peroxovanadates toward a number of different substrates are collected. Homogeneous and two-phase systems are presented, in addition, interesting synthetic results obtained with the use of ionic liquids as reaction media are also presented.     

Kinematic and electromyographic analyses of a karate punch

The aims of this study were: (i) to present the kinematic and electromyographic patterns of the choku-zuki punch performed by 18 experienced karatekas from the Portuguese team, and (ii) to compare it with the execution of 19 participants without any karate experience. The kinematic and electromyographic data were collected from the arm and forearm during the execution of the specific punch. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with significant level set at p ? 0.05. We found that the kinematic and neuromuscular activity in this punch occurs within 400 ms. Muscle activities and kinematic analysis presented a sequence of activation bracing a near-distal end, with the arm muscles showing greater intensity of activation than muscles in the forearm. In the skill performance, the arm, flexion and internal rotation, and the forearm extension and pronation movements were executed with smaller amplitude in the karate group. Based on the results of this study, the two groups’ presented distinct kinematic and electromyographic patterns during the performance of the choku-zuki punch.     

UV—B辐射对大豆生长、产量和稳定碳同位素组成的影响

大田条件下,模拟20%的平流层臭氧层衰减时辐射到地表的紫外线B（UV-B,280-320nm)的增强。研究了10个大豆（Glycine max(L.)Merr.)品种根、茎、叶和种子的稳定碳同位素组成（δ^13C)、生物量、产量和收获指数的变化。UV-B辐射增加使所有品种的总生物量和产量分别平均下降24.2%和23.3%,10个品种的收获指数平均提高1.39%,其中6个品种的收获指数增加,4个减少。与对照相比,UV-B作用下9个品种叶、茎、根和种子中稳定碳同位素（δ^13C值）组成降低,一个品种“8907-32”各器官稳定碳同位素组成增加。δ^13C值存在器官差异。10个品种的对照组和处理组的δ^13C平均值由大到小的顺序是根、茎、种子和叶。结果表明,UV-B可能导致大豆代谢过程及代谢产物的分配发生变化。     

全球气候变化对沈阳地区春玉米生长的可能影响

利用玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）生长生理生态学模拟模型（ＭＰＥＳＭ）,分别模拟了未来气候变化的１２种气候条件下（ＣＯ２浓度倍增,平均气温上升１．５℃、３．０℃和４．５℃,降水量增加２０％、减少２０％、减少４０％和降水量不变）,沈阳地区土壤湿度、玉米发育和玉米生长的变化,并与当前条件下进行了比较,以评价玉米生长对各气候因子变化的敏感性和全球气候变化下沈阳地区春玉米的生长趋势。研究表明：土壤湿度对降     

福建苏铁调查研究初报

对福建苏铁经过三年多的调查、观察和研究 ,基本完成福建苏铁原产地的调查 ,认为福建原产两种苏铁 ,即苏铁与四川苏铁。本文还对福州树木园引种栽培的苏铁进行分类研究 ,有苏铁、四川苏铁、海南苏铁、攀枝花苏铁、广东苏铁、台东苏铁、元江苏铁、暹罗苏铁、石山苏铁、篦齿苏铁、越南苏铁、叉叶苏铁、多羽叉叶苏铁、多歧苏铁、刺叶苏铁等 ,另有三种形态特征比较特殊的苏铁也在本文进行了简要描述。     

8个籼型水稻环境敏感核不育系的育性转换特性研究

在武汉、贵阳（1997年）和三亚（1997－1998年）3个生态点,对8个籼型水稻（Oryza Sativa L.ssp.indica）环境敏感核不育系（2－2S、K1405S、F131S、2136S、Pei-Ai64S、1290S、GD－1S和N17S）进行分期播种试验,每期相隔10－15d,考察自交不育度的动态变化,结果表明,8个不育系在武汉的稳定不育期均长于30d,在遗阳的稳定不育期均短于30d,在三亚的稳定不育期均长于150d。8个不育系的育性表达均表现对温度敏感,但不同的不育系育性转换的敏感时期、敏感敏感期的长短和临界温度是不同的。2－2S和K1405S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第18天至第9天,敏感期为7－10d,育性转换的临界温度为23.7－24.5℃。F131S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第17天至第5天,敏感期为13d,育性转换的临界温度为24.3-24.7℃。2136S的敏感时期位于抽穗前的第24天至第11天,敏感期为7－13d,育性转换的临界温度分别为24.3-24.7℃、25.5-26.2℃、25.4-26.1℃和24.1-24.7℃。     

在旱化土壤条件下来自不同生境的20种植物幼苗根系的形态反应的比较(英文)

在浇水和未浇水的塑料管中栽培了 2 0个植物种 ,测量了其幼苗的根深、根重和茎重。这些种的原始生境含水状况差异较大 ,是从沼泽到沙漠的系列。植物种原始生境的水分状况用Ellenberg水分序数定量。幼苗首先在湿沙中生长 2 1d ,然后进入为期也是 2 1d的处理阶段 (浇水和不浇水 )。浇水植株的根深与Ellenberg水分序数无关。在旱化的沙层中 ,源于干旱生境的植物的根深趋向于增加 ,来自湿润生境的则减少。根深塑性 (即未浇水的根深 /浇水的根深 )与Ellenberg水分序数显著相关 (R2 =0 .5 6 ) ,茎 /根比值塑性也与Ellenberg水分序数相关 ,但不如根深塑性的关系明显。根深塑性表现最为明显的植物种具有在未浇水沙层中维持茎生长的最大能力。有迹象表明 ,在浇水处理时 ,来自很干旱生境的植物生长减弱。研究结果表明 :幼苗利用深层水分的能力是植物对干旱生境的主要适应。     

应用AFLP与RFLP标记研究水稻磷吸收与利用率的数量性状位点

从耐低磷胁迫水稻（Ｏｒｙｚａ ｓａｔｉｖａ Ｌ．）品种“ＩＲ２０”与低磷敏感品质ＩＲ５５１７８－３Ｂ－９－３杂交发展的重组自交系群体中选择的８４个系在液体培养条件下,测定了相对生物量,植株相对磷含量及相对磷利用率;在酸性土壤盆栽条件下测定了相对分蘖力与相对地上部生物量。用选择的８４个系构建了包括２６个ＲＦＬＰ标记与１５３个ＡＦＬＰ标记的分子标记图谱用于基因定位分析。溶液培养条件下在第１２,６,７三