Presence and characterization of acetylcholinesterase in brush-border and basolateral membranes of rabbit enterocytes

Acetylcholinesterase is found in the brush-border and basolateral membranes purified from rabbit enterocytes. The sedimentation coefficients of the enzymes solubilized from two types of membrane are identical (5.5 +/- 0.2 S) and the apparent molecular weights are not significantly different (154 000 +/- 8000 for the brush-border and 145 000 +/- 8000 for the basolateral membrane enzyme). These results suggest a unique G2 molecular form for acetylcholinesterase from brush-border as well as from basolateral membranes.     

Transformed mouse glucocorticoid receptor: generation and interconversion of the 3.8S, monomeric and 5.2S, oligomeric species

Recent studies have implicated subunit dissociation as a possible mechanism of glucocorticoid receptor transformation [Vedeckis, W.V. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 1983-1989; Raaka, B.M., & Samuels, H.H. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 417-425]. While it is becoming increasingly evident that the untransformed (non-nuclear-binding and non-DNA-binding) glucocorticoid receptor from mouse AtT-20 cells is a 9.1S oligomeric species (Mr 290 000-360 000), two transformed species have been described for this receptor. One of these has a sedimentation coefficient of 5.2 S (on molybdate-containing gradients), while the smallest nonproteolyzed, monomeric subunit is 3.8 S. The present study was undertaken to determine which is the most common form generated both in vitro and in vivo and the structural relationship between these two forms. A wide variety of in vitro transformation protocols all yielded the 5.2S form when analyzed on molybdate-containing sucrose gradients by using a vertical tube rotor. Kinetic studies showed that the appearance of the 5.2S form coincided precisely with the appearance of transformed receptor, as defined by DEAE-cellulose elution. Furthermore, when the 3.8S and 5.2S peaks were collected from sucrose gradients directly, they were transformed receptors as defined by both DEAE-cellulose and DNA-cellulose chromatography, while the 9.1S sucrose gradient peak was untransformed when the same criteria were used. The 3.8S monomer, when isolated from high-salt sucrose gradients and then desalted, reverted to the 5.2S form (molybdate-containing gradients) or a 6.6S form (low-salt, molybdate-free gradients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Effects of Electrical Stimulation on Molecular Forms of Butyrylcholinesterase in Denervated Fast and Slow Latissimus Dorsi Muscles of Newly Hatched Chicken

The effects of denervation and direct electrical stimulation upon the activity and the molecular form distribution of butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) were studied in fast-twitch posterior latissimus dorsi (PLD) and in slow-tonic anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscles of newly hatched chicken. In PLD muscle, denervation performed at day 2 substantially reduced the rate of rapid decrease of BuChE specific activity which takes place during normal development, whereas in the case of ALD muscle little change was observed. Moreover, the asymmetric forms which were dramatically reduced in denervated PLD muscle were virtually absent in denervated ALD muscle at day 14. Denervated PLD and ALD muscles were stimulated from day 4 to day 14 of age. Two patterns of stimulation were applied, either 5-Hz frequency (slow rhythm) or 40-Hz frequency (fast rhythm). Both patterns of stimulation provided the same number of impulses per day (about 61,000). In PLD muscle, electrical stimulation almost totally prevented the postdenervation loss in asymmetric forms and led to a decrease in BuChE specific activity. In ALD muscle, electrical stimulation partially prevented the asymmetric form loss which occurs after denervation. This study emphasizes the role of evoked muscle activity in the regulation of BuChE asymmetric forms in the fast PLD muscle and the differential response of denervated slow and fast muscles to electrical stimulation.     

Functional consequences of agonist-mediated state transitions in the cholinergic receptor. Studies in cultured muscle cells.

Parameters associated with activation and desensitization of the nicotinic receptor in the BC3H-1 muscle cell line have been compared with the state transitions that result upon combination with agonist. 125I-labeled cobra alpha-toxin is found to bind to an apparent single class of surface nicotinic receptors on the cells in situ with a rate constant of 1.15 x 10(5) M-1 s-1. The competition between cholinergic ligands and alpha-toxin reveals that agonists, but not classical antagonists, will promote a slow conversion to a receptor state where the affinity for agonists is enhanced. Moreover, agonists such as carbamylcholine elicit a permeability increase to 22Na+ ions that slowly decrements at a rate and to an extent closely paralleled by the conversion of the receptor to the high affinity state. Upon removal of the agonist, both the affinity increase and the diminished permeability change are completely reversible and again exhibit similar kinetics for their return to the original state. A comparison of the capacity of full agonists to compete with alpha-toxin binding and elicit a permeability change suggests that in the absence of agonist, receptor predominates in a low affinity activatable state. Binding of agonists to the low affinity state exhibits little if any cooperativity (n = 0.97 to 1.31), while the corresponding permeability change appears more cooperative (n = 1.31 to 1.52). By contrast, when receptors have been previously equilibrated with agonists, occupation of the receptor occurs over a 3- to 5-fold lower concentration range. Binding following equilibration closely correlates with a concomitant decrease in activatable receptor resulting from equivalent exposure to agonist. Furthermore, under equilibrium conditions, the binding of full agonists is typified by a moderate degree of homotropic cooperativity (1.25 to 1.44), enabling the receptor to desensitize over a narrow range of agonist concentration. Simultaneous measurement of occupation and activation parameters has enabled us to compare a state function for desensitization which is generated from binding parameters with the reduction in permeability seen in the desensitization process. A scheme describing the association of agonist with two functionally distinct receptor states is developed to account for the cooperative relationship between agonist binding and desensitization of the receptor.     

Mechanisms Preserving Insulin Action during High Dietary Fat Intake

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School performance in Danish children exposed to maternal type 1 diabetes in utero: A nationwide retrospective cohort study

BackgroundConflicting results have been reported concerning possible adverse effects on the cognitive function of offspring of mothers with type 1 diabetes (O-mT1D). Previous studies have included offspring of parents from the background population (O-BP), but not offspring of fathers with type 1 diabetes (O-fT1D) as the unexposed reference group.Methods and findingsThis is a population-based retrospective cohort study from 2010 to 2016. Nationally standardized school test scores (range, 1 to 100) were obtained for public school grades 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 in O-mT1D and compared with those in O-fT1D and O-BP. Of the 622,073 included children, 2,144 were O-mT1D, and 3,474 were O-fT1D. Multiple linear regression models were used to compare outcomes, including the covariates offspring with type 1 diabetes, parity, number of siblings, offspring sex, smoking during pregnancy, parental age, and socioeconomic factors. Mean test scores were 54.2 (standard deviation, SD 24.8) in O-mT1D, 54.4 (SD 24.8) in O-fT1D, and 56.4 (SD 24.7) in O-BP. In adjusted analyses, the mean differences in test scores were −1.59 (95% CI −2.48 to −0.71, p < 0.001) between O-mT1D and O-BP and −0.78 (95% CI −1.48 to −0.08, p = 0.03) between O-fT1D and O-BP. No significant difference in the adjusted mean test scores was found between O-mT1D and O-fT1D (p = 0.16). The study’s limitation was no access to measures of glycemic control during pregnancy.ConclusionsO-mT1D achieved lower test scores than O-BP but similar test scores compared with O-fT1D. Glycemic control during pregnancy is essential to prevent various adverse pregnancy outcomes in women with type 1 diabetes. However, the present study reduces previous concerns regarding adverse effects of in utero hyperglycemia on offspring cognitive function.

Anne Lærke Spangmose and colleagues examine the association between school performance and exposure to maternal or paternal type 1 diabetes in utero in Denmark.     

LNA guanine and 2,6-diaminopurine. Synthesis, characterization and hybridization properties of LNA 2,6-diaminopurine containing oligonucleotides

LNA guanine and 2,6-diaminopurine (D) phosphoramidites have been synthesized as building blocks for antisense oligonucleotides (ON). The effects of incorporating LNA D into ON were investigated. As expected, LNA D containing ON showed increased affinity towards complementary DNA (Delta Tm +1.6 to +3.0 degrees C) and RNA (Delta Tm +2.6 to +4.6 degrees C) ON. To evaluate if LNA D containing ON have an enhanced mismatch sensitivity compared to their complementary LNA A containing ON thermal denaturation experiments towards singly mismatched DNA and RNA ON were undertaken. Replacing one LNA A residue with LNA D, in fully LNA modified ON, resulted in higher mismatch sensitivity towards DNA ON (Delta Delta Tm -4 to >-17 degrees C). The same trend was observed towards singly mismatched RNA ON (Delta Delta Tm D-a = -8.7 degrees C and D-g = -4.5 degrees C) however, the effect was less clearcut and LNA A showed a better mismatch sensitivity than LNA D towards cytosine (Delta Tm +5.5 degrees C).     

Single-cell analysis of lambda immunity regulation

We have examined expression of the lambdacI operon in single cells via a rex Colon, two colons gfp substitution. Although average fluorescence agreed with expectations for expression of lambda-repressor, fluorescence fluctuated greatly from cell-to-cell. Fluctuations in repressor concentration are not predicted by previous models and are tolerated in part by a regulatory response to DNA damage.     

Curariform antagonists bind in different orientations to the nicotinic receptor ligand binding domain

Curariform alkaloids competitively inhibit muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChR) by bridging the alpha and non-alpha subunits that form the ligand-binding site. Here we delineate bound orientations of d-tubocurarine (d-TC) and its methylated derivative metocurine using mutagenesis, ligand binding measurements, and computational methods. When tested against a series of lysine mutations in the epsilon subunit, the two antagonists show marked differences in the consequences of the mutations on binding affinity. The mutations epsilon L117K, epsilon Y111K, and epsilon L109K decrease affinity of metocurine by up to 3 orders of magnitude but only slightly alter affinity of d-TC. At the alpha subunit face of the binding site, the mutation alpha Y198T decreases affinity of both antagonists, but alpha Y198F preferentially enhances affinity of d-TC. Computation of antagonist docking orientations, based on our structural model of the alpha-epsilon site of the human AChR, indicates distinct orientations of each antagonist; the flatter metocurine fits into a pocket formed principally by the epsilon subunit, whereas the more compact d-TC spans the narrower crevasse between alpha and epsilon subunits. The side chains of epsilon Tyr-111 and epsilon Thr-117 juxtapose one of two quaternary nitrogens in metocurine but are remote from the equivalent quaternary nitrogen in d-TC, which instead closely approaches alpha Tyr-198. The different docked orientations arise through tilt of the curariform scaffold by approximately 60 degrees normal to the nitrogen-nitrogen axis, together with a 20 degrees rotation about the axis. The overall mutagenesis and computational results show that despite their similar structures, d-TC and metocurine bind in distinctly different orientations to the adult human AChR.     

The structure and specificity of Escherichia coli maltose acetyltransferase give new insight into the LacA family of acyltransferases

The crystallographic three-dimensional structure of the Escherichia coli maa gene product, previously identified as a maltose O-acetyltransferase (MAT) [Brand, B., and Boos, W. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 14113-14118] has been determined to 2.15 A resolution by the single anomalous dispersion method using data from a crystal cocrystallized with trimethyllead acetate. It is shown here that MAT acetylates glucose exclusively at the C6 position and maltose at the C6 position of the nonreducing end glucosyl moiety. Furthermore, MAT shows higher affinity toward artificial substrates containing an alkyl or hydrophobic chain as well as a glucosyl unit. The presence of a long hydrophobic patch near the acceptor site provides the structural explanation for this preference. The three-dimensional structure reveals the expected trimeric left-handed parallel beta-helix structure found in all other known hexapeptide repeat enzymes. In particular, the structure shows similarities both overall and at the putative active site to the recently determined structure of galactoside acetyltransferase (GAT), the lacA gene product [Wang, X.-G., Olsen, L. R., and Roderick, S. L. (2002) Structure 10, 581-588]. The structure, together with the new biochemical data, suggests that GAT and MAT are more closely related than previously thought and might have similar cellular functions. However, while GAT is specific for acetylation of galactosyl units, MAT is specific for glucosyl units and is able to acetylate maltooligosaccharides, an important property for biotechnological applications. Structural differences at the acceptor site reflect the differences in substrate specificity.