Effect of organic fertiliser and Chromolaena odorata residue on the pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita on maize

Pot experiments laid out in a complete randomised design were conducted in the screen house of the Department of Crop Protection, University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria to determine the effects of organic fertiliser and Chromolaena odorata residue at 1% w/w on the pathogenicity of Meloidogyne incognita infecting maize. M. incognita significantly reduced the plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, cob weight and grain yield of maize by 6.89, 15.18, 20, 63.92 and 56.16% respectively. C. odorata residue and organic fertiliser significantly suppressed M. incognita galling, inhibited the nematode fecundity and reduced the number of eggs and juveniles on maize. A remarkable increase in plant height, number of leaves per plant, leaf area, cob weight and grain yield were observed on maize plants treated with the mixture of C. odorata and organic fertiliser despite the nematode infection. The observation from this study suggests that C. odorata in combination with organic fertiliser is a viable option for the control of M. incognita on maize.     

Saponin as regulator of biofuel: implication for ethnobotanical management of diabetes

There has been a sharp rise in the global prevalence of diabetes, obesity, and their comorbid conditions within the last decade prompting significant research into possible causes and cure via therapeutic intervention and lifestyle adjustments. Here, the molecular bases of antidiabetic plants used in the prehistorical treatment of diabetes and obesity are reviewed with particular focus on saponin as the phytotherapeutic principle. Until recently, the phytotherapeutic potentials of saponins have been masked in the heterogeneity of phytochemicals co-extractable during traditional preparations. With improved technique of purification and cutting edge biological assay methods, saponins have emerged as a regulator of primary biofuel availability through direct interaction with energy metabolism, cell signaling, and gene expression. Specific cases of lipoprotein lipase/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma/phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI-3-K)/protein kinase B (Akt) activation, adiponectin gene upregulation, fatty acid binding protein 4 repression (FABP4), and glucose transporter type 4 (Glut4) membrane exocytosis have been documented which provide molecular basis for hypocholesterolemic, hypoglycemic, and anti-obesity manifestations observed in experimental animals following saponin treatment. Although intensified research is required to characterize the pharmacophoric features in saponins exhibiting these interactions, however, this preliminary lead is valuable if the world will be free of diabetes, obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis in no distant future.     

Doing No Harm? Adverse Events in a Nation-Wide Cohort of Patients with Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Nigeria

Background

Adverse events (AEs) of second line anti-tuberculosis drugs (SLDs) are relatively well documented. However, the actual burden has rarely been described in detail in programmatic settings. We investigated the occurrence of these events in the national cohort of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) patients in Nigeria.

Method

This was a retrospective, observational cohort study, using pharmacovigilance data systematically collected at all MDR-TB treatment centers in Nigeria. Characteristics of AEs during the intensive phase treatment were documented, and risk factors for development of AEs were assessed.

Results

Four hundred and sixty patients were included in the analysis: 62% were male; median age was 33 years [Interquartile Range (IQR):28–42] and median weight was 51 kg (IQR: 45–59). Two hundred and three (44%) patients experienced AEs; four died of conditions associated with SLD AEs. Gastro-intestinal (n = 100), neurological (n = 75), ototoxic (n = 72) and psychiatric (n = 60) AEs were the most commonly reported, whereas ototoxic and psychiatric AEs were the most debilitating. Majority of AEs developed after 1–2 months of therapy, and resolved in less than a month after treatment. Some treatment centers were twice as likely to report AEs compared with others, highlighting significant inconsistencies in reporting at different treatment centers. Patients with a higher body weight had an increased risk of experiencing AEs. No differences were observed in risk of AEs between HIV-infected and uninfected patients. Similarly, age was not significantly associated with AEs.

Conclusion

Patients in the Nigerian MDR-TB cohort experienced a wide range of AEs, some of which were disabling and fatal. Early identification and prompt management as well as standardized reporting of AEs at all levels of healthcare, including the community is urgently needed. Safer regimens for drug-resistant TB with the shortest duration are advocated.     

The reaction of the kola weevil,Sophrorhinus gbanjaensis to moisture

The reaction of the kola weevil,Sophrorhinus gbanjaensis to moisture in a simple and a two-way gradient (centre low, high at ends) and a humidity choice chamber and its survival at the different relative humidities of 10, 30, 60, 80 and 95% R.H. were investigated. Both the male and female insects showed preference for the dry air (10 & 30% RH) in the humidity gradient irrespective of its position along the gradient. The insects also detected and reacted to humidity differences of 20 & 30% RH when offered a choice of 40–60%; 0–30%; 60–100%; 10–60% and 50–100% relative humidities. The indices of reaction (IR) increased with increase in the differences between the pairs of humidities offered with a peak at 60–100% and 50–100% RH for males and females respectively. The insects survived for an average of 21.1±1.3 days and 5.4±0.2 days at 95% and 10% RH respectively. A highly significant negative correlation (r=–0.926) was obtained between the mortality rates of the insects and the various relative humidities.

---

Résumé Les réactions du charançon de la noix de cola,Sophrorhinus gbanjaensis, dans des expériences de gradients d'humidité linéaires ou symétriques, ont été étudiées en laboratoire à la température de 26–29°. On a également observé les réponses de l'insecte à des choix entre deux conditions d'humidité différentes, en fonction de l'amplitude des différences proposées et de la position des valeurs de l'H.R. dans la gamme de 10 à 100%. Les effets de la déshydratation et du jeûne sur les réactions des insectes et sur leur survie aux diverses conditions d'humidité relative ont enfin été prises en considérations.Les mâles et femelles montrent une préférence pour les conditions de milieu à faible humidité relative de l'air (10% RH) que ces conditions soient présentées selon un gradient linéaire (de 10% à 100% RH) ou selon un dispositif symétrique (fig. 1 et 2). Cependant les expériences témoins montrent un preferendum pour les sites placés aux extrêmités du dispositif expérimental (fig. 3) ce qui témoigne de l'intervention d'un autre facteur spatial, qui mériterait d'être analysé.Les insectes peuvent déceler des différences d'H.R. de l'ordre de 20 à 30%, et l'indice de reactivité des insectes (IR) croît avec l'amplitude des différences entre les H.R. proposées, le maxima de reactivité se manifestant respectivement pour les zones 60–100% ou 50–100% chez les insectes mâles et les insectes femelles.Les insectes, préalablement soumis à des conditions de déshydration (48h. dans un dessicateur CaCl²) et de jeûne, montrent un fort preferendum pour les zones à forte H.R. (60–100%) du dispositif expérimental. Ce type de réponse, totalement différent de la réaction préférentielle aux basses H.R. telle qu'elle est présentée par les insectes non traités, est ici discuté, sur la base des conditions saisonnières rencontrées par cette espèce au cours de son cycle biologique. Par ailleurs la mortalité des insectes est plus élevée dans les conditions de faible humidité.

     

Are Individual and Community Acceptance and Witnessing of Intimate Partner Violence Related to Its Occurrence? Multilevel Structural Equation Model

Background

Intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) is a serious and widespread problem worldwide. Much of the research on IPVAW focused on individual-level factors and attention has been paid to the contextual factors. The aim of this study was to develop and test a model of individual- and community-level factors associated with IPVAW.

Methods and Findings

We conducted a (multivariate) multilevel structural equation analysis on 8731 couples nested within 883 communities in Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey 2008. Variables included in the model were derived from respondents'' answers to the experience of IPVAW, attitudes towards wife beating and witnessing physical violence in childhood. We found that women that witnessed physical violence were more likely to have tolerant attitudes towards IPVAW and women with tolerant attitudes were more likely to have reported spousal IPVAW abuse. Women with husbands with tolerant attitudes towards IPVAW were more likely to have reported spousal abuse. We found that an increasing proportion of women in the community with tolerant attitudes was significantly positively associated with spousal sexual and emotional abuse, but not significantly associated with spousal physical abuse. In addition, we found that an increasing proportion of men in the community with tolerant attitudes and an increasing proportion of women who had witnessed physical violence in the community was significantly positively associated with spousal physical abuse, but not significantly associated with spousal sexual and emotional abuse. There was a positive correlation between all three types of IPVAW at individual- and community-level.

Conclusions

We found that community tolerant attitudes context in which people live is associated with exposure to IPVAW even after taking into account individual tolerant attitudes. Public health interventions designed to reduce IPVAW must address people and the communities in which they live in order to be successful.