Protein kinase C may regulate resting anion conductance in vascular smooth muscle cells

The blocker of protein kinase C(PKC) activated large-conductance channel(337.1 pS) in cell attached patch mode in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. The channel showed time-dependent inactivation whose time course became faster as the amplitude of the command potential was increased. These characteristics of large-conductance channel activated by the application of the PKC blocker were very similar to those of voltage-dependent Cl channels in these cells, indicating the channel activated by the drug is Cl channel. Since voltage-dependent Cl channels were reported to be only activated by forming inside-out patch, these findings suggest Cl permeability of vascular smooth muscle cells is at least partially regulated by protein kinase C.     

Maximal lactate steady state in rats submitted to swimming exercise.

The higher concentration during exercise at which lactate entry in blood equals its removal is known as 'maximal lactate steady state' (MLSS) and is considered an important indicator of endurance exercise capacity. The aim of the present study was to determine MLSS in rats during swimming exercise. Adult male Wistar rats, which were adapted to water for 3 weeks, were used. After this, the animals were separated at random into groups and submitted once a week to swimming sessions of 20 min, supporting loads of 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10% of body wt. for 6 consecutive weeks. Blood lactate was determined every 5 min to find the MLSS. Sedentary animals presented MLSS with overloads of 5 and 6% at 5.5 mmol/l blood lactate. There was a significant (P<0.05) increase in blood lactate with the other loads. In another set of experiments, rats of the same strain, sex and age were submitted daily to 60 min of swimming with an 8% body wt. overload, 5 days/week, for 9 weeks. The rats were then submitted to a swimming session of 20 min with an 8% body wt. overload and blood lactate was determined before the beginning of the session and after 10 and 20 min of exercise. Sedentary rats submitted to the same acute exercise protocol were used as a control. Physical training did not alter the MLSS value (P<0.05) but shifted it to a higher exercise intensity (8% body wt. overload). Taken together these results indicate that MLSS measured in rats in the conditions of the present study was reproducible and seemed to be independent of the physical condition of the animals.     

Immunohistochemical characteristics of the constituents of senile plaques and amyloid angiopathy in aged cynomolgus monkeys

Abstract: In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the several constituents of senile plaques (SPs) and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) in aged cynomolgus monkeys. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) deposited in all mature plaques and CAA, and in half of the diffuse plaques. Alpha-1-antichymotripsin (αACT) deposited in half of the mature plaques and in one third of the CAA. Amyloid precursor protein (APP), ubiquitin (Ub), and microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2) accumulated in the swollen neurites of mature plaques. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was detected in the astrocytes and their processes surrounding the mature plaques. Tau was detected in neither the SPs nor CAA. Therefore, mature plaques involved extracellular Aβ, apoE, and αACT, and also astrocytes and swollen neurites. However, diffuse plaques involved only extracellular Aβ and apoE. Since these features, except for tau, were consistent with those in humans, this animal model will be useful for studying the pathogenesis of cerebral amyloid deposition.     

Monitoring oxygen consumption of single mouse embryos using an integrated electrochemical microdevice

Oxygen consumption (respiration activity) has been found to be the most remarkable criterion for determining the viability of an embryo produced in vitro. In this study, we propose an accurate, simple, and user-friendly device for measurement of the oxygen consumption of single mammalian embryos. An integrated electrode array was fabricated to determine the oxygen consumption of a single embryo, including the blastocyst stage, which has an inhomogeneous oxygen consumption rate, using a single measurement procedure. A single mouse embryo was positioned in a microwell at the center of an integrated electrode array, using a mouthpiece pipette, and immobilized by a cylindrical micropit with good reproducibility. The oxygen consumption of two-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages was measured amperometrically using the device. The recorded current profile was corrected to take into consideration transient background current during the measurement. A calculation method for oxygen consumption based on spherical diffusion centered on the defined point of the device was developed. This procedure is quite simple because it is not necessary to estimate the radius of the embryo being measured. The calculated values of oxygen consumption for two-cell, morula, and blastocyst stages were 1.36 ± 0.33 × 10⁻¹⁵ mol s⁻¹, 1.38 ± 0.58 × 10⁻¹⁵ mol s⁻¹, and 3.44 ± 2.07 × 10⁻¹⁵ mol s⁻¹, respectively. The increasing pattern of oxygen consumption from morula to blastocyst agreed well with measurements obtained using conventional scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM).     

Characteristic domain motion in the ribosome recycling factor revealed by 15N NMR relaxation experiments and molecular dynamics simulations

The backbone dynamics of ribosome recycling factor (RRF) from Escherichia coli in water were characterized by (15)N NMR relaxation analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. RRF is composed of two domains connected by a joint region that consists of two peptide chains, such that the overall structure seems to mimic that of tRNA. MD trajectories indicated that the relative orientation of domains varies on the nanosecond time scale. We analyzed the observed (15)N T(1), T(2), and NOE using an extended model-free spectral density function in which the domain motions with a nanosecond time scale were considered. At 30 degrees C, the order parameters of slow motion () were determined to be approximately 0.9 for domain I and 0.7 for domain II, respectively. These values indicate that domain I is nearly fixed on the molecular diffusion frame, and domain II is wobbling in a cone for which the semi-angle is about 30 degrees.     

TIEG1 negatively controls the myoblast pool indispensable for fusion during myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells

The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β inducible early gene (TIEG)-1 is implicated in the control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in some cell types. Since TIEG1 functioning may be associated with TGF-β, a suppressor of myogenesis, TIEG1 is also likely to be involved in myogenesis. Therefore, we investigated the function of TIEG1 during myogenic differentiation in vitro using the murine myoblasts cell line, C2C12. TIEG1 expression increased during differentiation of C2C12 cells. Constitutive expression of TIEG1 reduced survival and decreased myotube formation. Conversely, knocking down TIEG1 expression increased the number of viable cells during differentiation, and accelerated myoblast fusion into multinucleated myotubes. However, expression of the myogenic differentiation marker, myogenin, remained unaffected by TIEG1 knockdown. The mechanism underlying these events was investigated by focusing on the regulation of myoblast numbers after induction of differentiation. The knockdown of TIEG1 led to changes in cell cycle status and inhibition of apoptosis during the initial stages of differentiation. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses showed that the regulators of cell cycle progression were highly expressed in TIEG1 knockdown cells. Therefore, TIEG1 is a negative regulator of the myoblast pool that causes inhibition of myotube formation during myogenic differentiation.