Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) in the mirror carp, Cyprinus carpio L.

Mirror carp were infected with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Fouquet) under standardized conditions. The size and number of parasites at selected sites on the body were recorded during the course of the infection. Initial exposure to 40 mature parasites resulted in a mild infection with 100% recovery after 18 days. Recovered fish did not appear to be carriers of the parasite. Exposure to 400 parasites resulted in 100% mortality between 22–25 days. The growth rate of the parasite was linear. Parasites were more numerous in the dorsal surface of the fish than in the lateral or ventral surface. The increase in parasite numbers during the disease was greater in the gills than in the skin.     

Terpenoid and morphological variability of Pinus quadrifolia and the natural hybridization with Pinus monophylla in the San Jacinto Mountains in California

Monoterpenoids from wood of Pinus quadrifolia and Pinus monophylla from south of the San Jacinto Mountains in southern California were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). The number of needles per fascicle, the number of resin canals, and the number of abaxial and adaxial stomatal rows in the needles were determined. Percentages of mycrene, α-pinene, and to a minor extent of camphene, β-pinene, limonene, and β-phellandrene, the above mentioned morphological characteristics and previously obtained data were all used for identification and characterisation of species intermediacy in the San Jacinto area. It was concluded that many P. quadrifolia trees in the mixed Buck Ridge stand and some trees in two pure stands of the same area were hybrids and that sympatric and to a lesser extent allopatric introgression of P. monophylla into P. quadrifolia takes place in the San Jacinto region. Introgression of P. quadrifolia into P. monophylla could not be demonstrated.     

Azide-resistant mutants in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A2 are defective in protein secretion

Abstract Azide, an inhibitor of ATPase, and a specific inhibitor of protein export was used in order to select for protein secretion mutants in Acinetobacter calcoaceticus A2. Two such mutants were isolated that were azide-resistant and defective in the general protein transport system. The mutation also conferred additional phenotypic changes, including an inability to grow on minimal media or at 40°C. The existence of protein secretion mutants with a selectable phenotype may be useful for the genetic study of protein export.     

Unequivocal determination of sire allele origin for multiallelic microsatellites when only the sire and progeny are genotyped

The effect of a segregating economic trait locus (ETL) can be detected with the aid of a linked genetic marker, if specific alleles of each locus are in association among the individuals genotyped for the genetic marker. For dairy cattle this can be achieved by application of the ‘granddaughter design’. If only the sires and their sons are genotyped for the genetic markers, then the allele origin of sons having the same genotypes as their sires cannot be determined. Seven sires and 101 sons were genotyped for five microsatellites. The mean frequency of heterozygous sires was 77%. The mean number of alleles per locus was 8.2. Frequency of informative sons per locus ranged from 60% to 80% with a mean of 72%. With highly polymorphic microsatellites, at least 60% more grandsire families can be included in the analysis, and the number of sons assayed can be reduced by 40%, as compared to diallelic markers.     

A multisensory integration model of human stance control

A model is presented to study and quantify the contribution of all available sensory information to human standing based on optimal estimation theory. In the model, delayed sensory information is integrated in such a way that a best estimate of body orientation is obtained. The model approach agrees with the present theory of the goal of human balance control. The model is not based on purely inverted pendulum body dynamics, but rather on a three-link segment model of a standing human on a movable support base. In addition, the model is non-linear and explicitly addresses the problem of multisensory integration and neural time delays. A predictive element is included in the controller to compensate for time delays, necessary to maintain erect body orientation. Model results of sensory perturbations on total body sway closely resemble experimental results. Despite internal and external perturbations, the controller is able to stabilise the model of an inherently unstable standing human with neural time delays of 100 ms. It is concluded, that the model is capable of studying and quantifying multisensory integration in human stance control. We aim to apply the model in (1) the design and development of prostheses and orthoses and (2) the diagnosis of neurological balance disorders. Received: 25 August 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 8 December 1998     

ASYMMETRICAL DEVELOPMENTAL PLASTICITY IN AN INTERTIDAL SNAIL

Field and laboratory experiments were used to investigate the variation and phenotypic plasticity in the adhesive abilities of the intertidal snail Nucella lapillus between high- and low-wave-energy environments. Whelks from an exposed coast produced a larger pedal surface area and were more resistant to dislodgement than were similar-sized individuals from a protected shore. Tenacity (g/cm²) was similar between individuals from exposed and protected shores, indicating that variation in resisting dislodgement was solely a function of pedal surface area. Whelks from exposed and protected shores did not differ in pedal surface area as they emerged from egg capsules or when reared in the laboratory under uniform conditions, suggesting that variation between populations does not represent genetic differentiation. Individuals from high-and low-wave-energy environments reared intertidally produced a larger pedal surface area than did those reared in the laboratory. The extent to which pedal surface area increased corresponded to the intensity of wave action. These findings suggest that pedal surface area is a highly plastic character modulated or induced by the water turbulence accompanying breaking waves. A reciprocal-transplant experiment confirmed this notion but revealed an asymmetry in the plasticity. Snails from the protected site transplanted to an exposed shore formed a much larger pedal surface area than did controls reared on the protected shore. In contrast, whelks from a wave-swept shore transplanted to a protected shore differed little from their controls reared on the exposed shore. The asymmetric response parallels a possible asymmetry in the risks of acclimating to a temporally unpredictable environmental cue, such as wave action.     

Transgenic HLA-DR alpha faithfully reconstitutes IE-controlled immune functions and induces cross-tolerance to E alpha in E alpha 0 mutant mice

We have constructed transgenic mice that express the human class II MHC molecule HLA-DR alpha on a genetic background in which the equivalent endogenous gene, H-2 IE alpha, is not expressed. In these mice, DR alpha complemented the E beta chain such that tissue-specific expression of an interspecies hybrid DR alpha-E beta heterodimer was obtained. Despite 25% amino acid differences between DR alpha and E alpha, immune responsiveness to IE-controlled antigens, clonal deletion of IE-reactive T cells, and alloantigenicity were quantitatively and qualitatively indistinguishable in IE-positive mice and in mice that had integrated at least four copies of the transgene. These results demonstrate a remarkable degree of structural, regulatory, and functional conservation. They also suggest that tolerance induction involves only discrete portions of MHC molecules.     

Effect of depletion of bicarbonate or phosphate ions on insulin action in rat adipocytes. Further characterization of the receptor-effector system

In the preceding paper (Shechter, Y., and Ron, A. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 14945-14950) we have shown that in fat cells, prepared and maintained in an isotonic buffer (pH 7.4) containing neither phosphate nor bicarbonate anions (Buffer A), the dose-response curve to insulin shifted to the right by about 2 logarithms and insulin binding affinity or capacity was only slightly decreased. In the current paper we demonstrate that progressive loss of insulin binding, either by treatment with trypsin or preincubating the cells with isoproterenol, correlates well with the reduced ability of the cells to elicit maximal lipogenesis in response to insulin. We further demonstrate in the "new" system that: the dissociation of labeled insulin from fat cells is not accelerated by the inclusion of unlabeled insulin in the medium; termination of lipogenesis in Buffer A occurs immediately; ligand-induced receptor internalization is grossly defective; and insulin is unable to stimulate lipogenesis at 15 degrees C. The data support the hypothesis that in the new experimental system all measurable binding sites are linked to a coupling mechanism. Each site behaves as an independent, separate entity and there are no site to site interactions. This leads to a linear relationship between binding and bioactivation, lack of negative or positive cooperatively, accelerated rate of termination, defective internalization, a shift to the right in the dose-response curve to insulin, and a lack of insulin response at a lower temperature. In more general terms, the study indicates that all measurable insulin receptors are chemically homogeneous in their potential capability to be coupled to an insulin effector (biologically relevant) system, and they do so under particular experimental conditions.