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1.
Toni Gabaldón Christophe Dessimoz Julie Huxley-Jones Albert J Vilella Erik LL Sonnhammer Suzanna Lewis 《Genome biology》2009,10(9):1-3
A report of the 24th International Conference on Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology, Manchester, UK, 19-24 July 2009. 相似文献
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JM Rodríguez-Domínguez LL Ríos-Lara E Tapia-Campos R Barba-Gonzalez 《Biotechnic & histochemistry》2017,92(3):159-166
Preparations that contain well-spread metaphase chromosomes are critical for plant cytogenetic analyses including chromosome counts, banding procedures, in situ hybridization, karyotyping and construction of ideograms. Chromosome spreading is difficult for plants with large and numerous chromosomes. We report here a technique for obtaining cytoplasm-free, well-spread metaphases from two Amaryllidaceae species: Sprekelia formosissima (2n = 120) and Hymenocallis howardii (2n = 96). The technique has three main steps: 1) pretreatment to cause chromosome condensation, 2) dripping onto tilted slides coated with a thin layer of pure acetic acid and 3) application of steam and acetic acid to produce cytoplasmic hydrolysis, which spreads the chromosomes. 相似文献
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Background
Distance-based methods are popular for reconstructing evolutionary trees thanks to their speed and generality. A number of methods exist for estimating distances from sequence alignments, which often involves some sort of correction for multiple substitutions. The problem is to accurately estimate the number of true substitutions given an observed alignment. So far, the most accurate protein distance estimators have looked for the optimal matrix in a series of transition probability matrices, e.g. the Dayhoff series. The evolutionary distance between two aligned sequences is here estimated as the evolutionary distance of the optimal matrix. The optimal matrix can be found either by an iterative search for the Maximum Likelihood matrix, or by integration to find the Expected Distance. As a consequence, these methods are more complex to implement and computationally heavier than correction-based methods. Another problem is that the result may vary substantially depending on the evolutionary model used for the matrices. An ideal distance estimator should produce consistent and accurate distances independent of the evolutionary model used. 相似文献10.
Shu Pei Wang Nancy Laurin Jean Himms‐Hagen Michael A. Rudnicki Emile Levy Marie‐France Robert Linghe Pan Luc Oligny Grant A. Mitchell 《Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)》2001,9(2):119-128
Objective: To directly ascertain the physiological roles in adipocytes of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL; E.C. 3.1.1.3), a multifunctional hydrolase that can mediate triacylglycerol cleavage in adipocytes. Research Methods and Procedures: We performed constitutive gene targeting of the mouse HSL gene (Lipe), subsequently studied the adipose tissue phenotype clinically and histologically, and measured lipolysis in isolated adipocytes. Results: Homozygous HSL?/? mice have no detectable HSL peptide or cholesteryl esterase activity in adipose tissue, and heterozygous mice have intermediate levels with respect to wild‐type and deficient littermates. HSL‐deficient mice have normal body weight but reduced abdominal fat mass compared with normal littermates. Histologically, both white and brown adipose tissues in HSL?/? mice show marked heterogeneity in cell size, with markedly enlarged adipocytes juxtaposed to cells of normal morphology. In isolated HSL?/? adipocytes, lipolysis is not significantly increased by β3‐adrenergic stimulation, but under basal conditions in the absence of added catecholamines, the lipolytic rate of isolated HSL?/? adipocytes is at least as high as that of cells from normal controls. Cold tolerance during a 48‐hour period at 4 °C was similar in HSL?/? mice and controls. Overnight fasting was well‐tolerated clinically by HSL?/? mice, but after fasting, liver triglyceride content was significantly lower in HSL?/? mice compared with wild‐type controls. Conclusions: In isolated fat cells, the lipolytic rate after β‐adrenergic stimulation is mainly dependent on HSL. However, the observation of a normal rate of lipolysis in unstimulated HSL?/? adipocytes suggests that HSL‐independent lipolytic pathway(s) exist in fat. Physiologically, HSL deficiency in mice has a modest effect under normal fed conditions and is compatible with normal maintenance of core body temperature during cold stress. However, the lipolytic response to overnight fasting is subnormal. 相似文献