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The phylogeny of Greya Busck (Lepidoptera: Prodoxidae) was inferred from
nucleotide sequence variation across a 765-bp region in the cytochrome
oxidase I and II genes of the mitochondrial genome. Most parsimonious
relationships of 25 haplotypes from 16 Greya species and two outgroup
genera (Tetragma and Prodoxus) showed substantial congruence with the
species relationships indicated by morphological variation. Differences
between mitochondrial and morphological trees were found primarily in the
positions of two species, G. variabilis and G. pectinifera, and in the
branching order of the three major species groups in the genus. Conflicts
between the data sets were examined by comparing levels of homoplasy in
characters supporting alternative hypotheses. The phylogeny of Greya
species suggests that host-plant association at the family level and larval
feeding mode are conservative characters. Transition/transversion ratios
estimated by reconstruction of nucleotide substitutions on the phylogeny
had a range of 2.0-9.3, when different subsets of the phylogeny were used.
The decline of this ratio with the increase in maximum sequence divergence
among taxa indicates that transitions are masked by transversions along
deeper internodes or long branches of the phylogeny. Among transitions,
substitutions of A-->G and T-->C outnumbered their reciprocal
substitutions by 2-6 times, presumably because of the approximately 4:1
(77%) A+T-bias in nucleotide base composition. Of all transversions,
73%-80% were A<-->T substitutions, 85% of which occurred at third
positions of codons; these estimates did not decrease with an increase in
maximum sequence divergence of taxa included in the analysis. The high
frequency of A<-->T substitutions is either a reflection or an
explanation of the 92% A+T bias at third codon positions.
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Constraints on Intron Evolution in the Gene Encoding the Myosin Alkali Light Chain in Drosophila 总被引:7,自引:4,他引:3
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Interspecific comparisons of intron sequences reveal conserved blocks of invariant nucleotides and several other departures from the strictly neutral model of molecular evolution. To distinguish the past action of evolutionary forces in introns known to have regulatory information, we examined nucleotide sequence variation at 991 sites in a random sample of 16 Drosophila melanogaster alleles of the gene encoding the myosin alkali light chain (Mlc1). The Mlc1 gene of D. melanogaster encodes two MLC1 isoforms via developmentally regulated alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Analyses of these data reveal that introns 4 and 5, which flank the alternatively spliced exon 5, have reduced levels of both intraspecific polymorphism and interspecific divergence relative to intron 3. No polymorphism was observed in any of the exons examined in D. melanogaster. A genealogical analysis clearly demonstrates the occurrence of intragenic recombination in the ancestral history of Mlc1. Recombination events are estimated to be 13 times more likely than mutation events over the span of the sequenced region. Although there is little evidence for pairwise linkage disequilibrium in the Mlc1 region, higher order disequilibrium does seem to be present in the 5' half of the portion of the gene that was examined. Predictions of the folding free energy of the pre-mRNA reveal that sampled alleles have a significantly higher (less stable) free energy than do randomly permuted sequences. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that introns surrounding an alternatively spliced exon are subjected to additional constraints, perhaps due to specific aspects of secondary structure required for appropriate splicing of the pre-mRNA molecule. 相似文献
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