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Treatment of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic with antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) is known to cause occasional unexplained depletion of white blood cells, especially neutrophil granulocytes. It has been known for many years that neuroleptics can interfere with the mitochondrial respiratory chain in vitro. Because there has been a growing interest recently in mitochondrial targeting of drugs, and since a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that predicts mitochondrial accumulation of neuroleptics has been published, we investigated the effects of neuroleptics on white blood cell mitochondria. Venous blood samples were collected from both patients undergoing treatment with neuroleptics and healthy volunteers. The samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The resulting images of white blood cells were analyzed using stereology to compare quantitatively mitochondrial morphology in the patient and control groups. We found that in patients, but not in controls, there was swelling of mitochondria and fragmentation of the mitochondrial cristae. There also were fewer mitochondria in patients than in controls, although due to the swelling of the organelles, the volume density of mitochondria in the two groups was not significantly different. Such changes are typical of a toxic insult. Consequently, it seems plausible that, since schizophrenia is not a disease considered to affect white blood cells per se, these changes probably are due to the medication. 相似文献
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S.P. NG Z.G. LI B.W. CHEN Z.K. QIN M.M. GARCIA S.W.K. IM M.H. NG 《Journal of Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology》1997,5(4):285-294
We previously described an enrichment-immunoassay utilizing a T6 monoclonal antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Here we evaluated it for the rapid screening for Salmonella in fishmeal obtained from the national Animal and Plant Quarantine service in the People's Republic of China. In this method, the number of Salmonella present is first expanded by appropriate enrichment cultures, and the pathogens are then directly detected by the T6 immunoassay. In a total of 94 enrichment cultures of fishmeal, we obtained an overall concordance of 98% between the results obtained in parallel by this method and by conventional test method. The positive prediction by this method was 92% and the negative prediction was 100%. The turn around time for the new test was 27 h which is a significant improvement from the turn around time exceeding 96 h required for the conventional test method. This test proved to be compatible with the routine work flow in the practical setting of a quarantine laboratory. 相似文献
4.
Eveline C van Asbeck Andy IM Hoepelman Jelle Scharringa Bjorn L Herpers Jan Verhoef 《BMC microbiology》2008,8(1):229
Background
Mannose binding lectin (MBL) is an important host defence protein against opportunistic fungal pathogens. This carbohydrate-binding protein, an opsonin and lectin pathway activator, binds through multiple lectin domains to the repeating sugar arrays displayed on the surface of a wide range of clinically relevant microbial species. We investigated the contribution of MBL to antifungal innate immunity towards C. parapsilosis in vitro. 相似文献5.
Treatment of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic with antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) is known to cause occasional unexplained depletion of white blood cells, especially neutrophil granulocytes. It has been known for many years that neuroleptics can interfere with the mitochondrial respiratory chain in vitro. Because there has been a growing interest recently in mitochondrial targeting of drugs, and since a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model that predicts mitochondrial accumulation of neuroleptics has been published, we investigated the effects of neuroleptics on white blood cell mitochondria. Venous blood samples were collected from both patients undergoing treatment with neuroleptics and healthy volunteers. The samples were processed for transmission electron microscopy. The resulting images of white blood cells were analyzed using stereology to compare quantitatively mitochondrial morphology in the patient and control groups. We found that in patients, but not in controls, there was swelling of mitochondria and fragmentation of the mitochondrial cristae. There also were fewer mitochondria in patients than in controls, although due to the swelling of the organelles, the volume density of mitochondria in the two groups was not significantly different. Such changes are typical of a toxic insult. Consequently, it seems plausible that, since schizophrenia is not a disease considered to affect white blood cells per se, these changes probably are due to the medication. 相似文献
6.
The idea of immunological surveillance against cancer has existed for nearly 100 years but as no conclusive evidence has yet
been published the importance of the cellular immune defense in the detection and removal of incipient or existing tumors
is still a hotly debated subject. However, in order to select a relevant immunotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of cancer,
a fundamental understanding of the basic immunologic conditions under which a tumor develops and exists is a prerequisite.
Therefore, a murine model was set up that we hoped would enable us to confirm or reject the theory of immunological surveillance.
A large panel of methylcholanthrene induced tumors was established in T-cell immunodeficient nude mice and congenic normal
mice to study the influence of the immune system on developing tumors. As nude mice developed tumors fastest and with the
highest incidence, we concluded that in this model the immune system constituted a ‘tumor-suppressive factor’ delaying and
sometimes abrogating tumor growth, i.e. performing immune surveillance. Immunogenicity of the tumors was assessed by transplantation
back to normal histocompatible mice. Tumors originating from the immunodeficient nude mice turned out to be far more immunogenic
than tumors from normal mice, resulting in a high rejection rate. CD8+cytotoxic T cells were found to be indispensable for
this rejection, leading to the conclusion that the cytotoxic T cells perform immune selection in normal mice, eliminating
immunogenic tumor cell variants in the incipient tumor.
In this review, we discuss the difficulties facing immunotherapy when conclusions are drawn from the presented observations
and hypotheses. 相似文献
7.
Jae Chul SHIM Dong-Kyu LEE Terry A. KLEIN Heung-Chul KIM Won-Ja LEE Heung Ku IM 《Entomological Research》2010,40(4):202-210
After re-emergence of malaria in 1993, a continued increase in Plasmodium vivax cases was observed from 1993 to 2006 in northern Gyeonggi and Gangwon Provinces adjacent to the demilitarized zone separating North from South Korea. Annual parasite incidence per 1000 people ranged from 0.33 in 2004 to 0.89 in 2006. While malaria case rates declined (22.6%) in 2004, they increased 75.1% in 2005 and 51.7% in 2006 from the previous years. An initial incorrect diagnosis of 46.8% of malaria cases as common cold resulted in a mean delay of 1.3 days for the detection malarial parasites. Of the total cases, 10.2% from December to May were due to latent intrinsic incubation infections acquired the previous malaria season and the rest of the cases from June to November were either latent or short incubation infections. Overall, the peak anopheline population occurred from July to September, resulting in a similar peak in malaria cases. While malaria cases increased during 2005–2006, anopheline populations, based on trap indices, were not significantly different during 4 years of surveillance. To decrease the malaria patient infective period to mosquitoes, public health centers in Paju and Cheorwon in 2006 prescribed chloroquine + primaquine at days 0–3 after initial malaria diagnosis followed by an additional 11 days of primaquine (early primaquine treatment), rather than chloroquine on days 0–3 and primaquine on days 4–17 (delayed primaquine treatment). A reduction in the malaria parasite incidence during 2007 was recorded for the two locations offering the early primaquine treatment relative to other locations using the delayed primaquine treatment. 相似文献
8.
Background
The analysis of microarray experiments requires accurate and up-to-date functional annotation of the microarray reporters to optimize the interpretation of the biological processes involved. Pathway visualization tools are used to connect gene expression data with existing biological pathways by using specific database identifiers that link reporters with elements in the pathways. 相似文献9.
We have identified a novel N -acetylgalactosaminyltransferase activity in
lactating bovine mammary gland membranes. Acceptor specificity studies and
analysis of products obtained in vitro by 400 MHz1H-NMR spectroscopy
revealed that the enzyme catalyses the transfer of N - acetylgalactosamine
(GalNAc) from UDP-GalNAc to acceptor substrates carrying a terminal,
beta-linked N -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue and establishes a
beta1-->4-linkage forming a GalNAcbeta1-->4GlcNAc ( N, N
'-diacetyllactosediamine, lacdiNAc) unit. Therefore, the enzyme can be
identified as a UDP-GalNAc:GlcNAcbeta-R beta1-->4-N-
acetylgalactosaminyltransferase (beta4-GalNAcT). This enzyme resembles
invertebrate beta4-GalNAcT as well as mammalian beta4-
galactosyltransferase (beta4-GalT) in acceptor specificity. It can,
however, be clearly distinguished from the pituitary hormone-specific
beta4-GalNAcT by its incapability of acting with an elevated activity on a
glycoprotein substrate carrying a hormone-specific peptide motif.
Furthermore, the GalNAcT activity appeared not to be due to a promiscuous
action of a beta4-GalT as could be demonstrated by comparing the
beta4-GalNAcT and beta4-GalT activities of the mammary gland, bovine
colostrum, and purified beta4-GalT, by competition studies with UDP-GalNAc
and UDP-Gal, and by use of an anti-beta4-GalT polyclonal inhibiting
antibody. Interestingly, under conditions where mammalian beta4-GalT forms
with alpha-lactalbumin (alpha-LA) the lactose synthase complex, the mammary
gland beta4-GalNAcT was similarly induced by alpha-LA to act on Glc with an
increased efficiency yielding the lactose analog GalNAcbeta1-->4Glc.
This enzyme thus forms the second example of a mammalian
glycosyltransferase the specificity of which can be modified by this milk
protein. It is proposed that the mammary gland beta4-GalNAcT functions in
the synthesis of lacdiNAc- based, complex-type glycans frequently occurring
on bovine milk glycoproteins. The action of this enzyme is to be considered
when aiming at the production of properly glycosylated protein
biopharmaceuticals in the milk of transgenic dairy animals.
相似文献
10.
Early evolution of metazoan serine/threonine and tyrosine kinases: identification of selected kinases in marine sponges 总被引:13,自引:1,他引:13
The phylum Porifera (sponges) was the first to diverge from the common
ancestor of the Metazoa. In this study, six cDNAs coding for protein-
serine/threonine kinases (PS/TKs) are presented; they have been isolated
from libraries obtained from the demosponges Geodia cydonium and Suberites
domuncula and from the calcareous sponge Sycon raphanus. Sequence
alignments of the catalytic domains revealed that two major families of
PS/TK, the "conventional" (Ca(2+)-dependent) protein kinase C (PKC), the
cPKC subfamily, as well as the "novel" (Ca(2+)- independent) PKC (nPKC),
form two separate clusters. In each cluster, the sequence from S. raphanus
diverges first. To approach the question about the origin of
protein-tyrosine kinases (PTK), which are found only in Metazoa, we
analyzed two additional PS/TKs which have been cloned from S. domuncula:
the stress-responsive protein kinase (KRSvSD) and the
protein-kinase-C-related kinase (PRKvSD). The construction of the
phylogenetic tree, comprising the eight PS/TKs and the PTK cloned
previously from G. cydonium, revealed that the PTK derived from the branch
including the KRSvSD kinase. These data facilitate the first molecular
approach to elucidate the origin of metazoan PTK within the PS/TK
superfamily.
相似文献