Is photobleaching necessary for Raman imaging of bone tissue using a green laser?

Raman microspectroscopy is widely used for musculoskeletal tissues studies. But the fluorescence background obscures prominent Raman bands of mineral and matrix components of bone tissue. A 532-nm laser irradiation has been used efficiently to remove the fluorescence background from Raman spectra of cortical bone. Photochemical bleaching reduces over 80% of the fluorescence background after 2 h and is found to be nondestructive within 40 min. The use of electron multiplying couple charge detector (EMCCD) enables to acquire Raman spectra of bone tissues within 1-5 s range and to obtain Raman images less than in 10 min.     

Challenges and practices arising during public health emergencies: A qualitative survey on ethics committees

The particular dynamics of public health emergencies urge scientists and Ethics Committee (EC) members to change and adapt their operating procedures to function effectively. Despite having previous pandemic experiences, ethics committees were unprepared to adapt to COVID-19 pandemic challenges. This survey aims to learn and thoroughly discuss the most salient issues for ECs during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results indicate that the main problems faced by ECs were lack of/insufficient regulations, lack of data/experience/knowledge, sloppy review, poor research design, and poor adaptation to quarantine measures. Coping with factors that threaten the autonomy and independence of ECs, the ethical dilemma regarding maximizing common good versus protecting the rights and well-being of study participants, comprehending the change in the context of vulnerable populations, and redefining the role of ECs to strengthen trust in science and vaccine confidence were outstanding issues.     

Effects of Chronic Light/Dark Cycle on Iron Zinc and Copper Levels in Different Brain Regions of Rats

In this study, we aimed to investigate whether chronic shift in light/dark cycle alters brain trace element concentrations. For this purpose, 20 male Wistar albino adult rats were weighed and randomly divided into three groups. The first group (n?=?6) was the control and had been subjected to 12/12-h light/dark cycle for 30?days. The second group (n?=?7) was subjected to 6/18-h light/dark cycle for 15?days, and the third group (n?=?7) was also subjected to 6/18-h light/dark cycle for 15?days and then returned to normal 12/12-h light/dark cycle for 15?days. When light/dark cycle protocols were completed, tissue specimens of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and brain stem were collected. Iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations of the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and brain stem were determined by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. When compared with controls, Fe levels of the temporal lobe significantly increased in 6/18-h light/dark cycle group (p?相似文献   

Combined Non-Target Effects of Insecticide and High Temperature on the Parasitoid Bracon nigricans

We studied the acute toxicity and the sublethal effects, on reproduction and host-killing activity, of four widely used insecticides on the generalist parasitoid Bracon nigricans (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a natural enemy of the invasive tomato pest, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Laboratory bioassays were conducted applying maximum insecticide label rates at three constant temperatures, 25, 35 and 40°C, considered as regular, high and very high, respectively. Data on female survival and offspring production were used to calculate population growth indexes as a measure of population recovery after pesticide exposure. Spinetoram caused 80% mortality at 25°C and 100% at higher temperatures, while spinosad caused 100% mortality under all temperature regimes. Cyantraniliprole was slightly toxic to B. nigricans adults in terms of acute toxicity at the three temperatures, while it did not cause any sublethal effects in egg-laying and host-killing activities. The interaction between the two tested factors (insecticide and temperature) significantly influenced the number of eggs laid by the parasitoid, which was the lowest in the case of females exposed to chlorantraniliprole at 35°C. Furthermore, significantly lower B. nigricans demographic growth indexes were estimated for all the insecticides under all temperature conditions, with the exception of chlorantraniliprole at 25°C. Our findings highlight an interaction between high temperatures and insecticide exposure, which suggests a need for including natural stressors, such as temperature, in pesticide risk assessments procedures.     

A Working Memory Deficit among Dyslexic Readers with No Phonological Impairment as Measured Using the N-Back Task: An fNIR Study

Data indicated that dyslexic individuals exhibited difficulties on tasks involving Working Memory (WM). Previous studies have suggested that these deficits stem from impaired processing in the Phonological Loop (PL). The PL impairment was connected to poor phonological processing. However, recent data has pointed to the Central Executive (CE) system as another source of WM deficit in dyslexic readers. This opened a debate whether the WM deficit stems solely from PL or can also be seen as an outcome of poor CE processing. In an attempt to verify this question, the current study compared adult skilled and compensated dyslexic readers with no impairment of phonological skills. The participants’ PL and CE processing were tested by using the fNIR device attached to the frontal lobe and measured the changes in brain oxygen values when performing N-back task. As it was previously suggested, the N = 0 represented PL and N = 1 to 3 represent CE processing. It was hypothesized that dyslexic readers who show non-impaired phonological skills will exhibit deficits mainly in the CE subsystem and to a lesser extent in the PL. Results indicated that the two reading level groups did not differ in their accuracy and reaction times in any of the N-Back conditions. However, the dyslexic readers demonstrated significant lower maximum oxyHb values in the upper left frontal lobe, mainly caused due to a significant lower activity under the N = 1 condition. Significant task effects were found in the medial left hemisphere, and the high medial right hemisphere. In addition, significant correlations between fNIR-features, reading performance and speed of processing were found. The higher oxyHb values, the better reading and speed of processing performance obtained. The results of the current study support the hypothesis that at least for the group of dyslexics with non-impaired PL, WM deficit stems from poor CE activity.     

Prevalence of integrons and a new dfrA17 variant in Gram‐negative bacilli which cause community‐acquired infections

A hundred and eleven Gram‐negative bacilli from community‐acquired infections were characterized by antimicrobial susceptibility testing, screened for class 1 and 2 integrons, and statistically evaluated for the association between antibiotic profile and the presence of integrons. The frequency with which integrons were harbored was 28.8%. Three E. coli strains contained a dfrA17 variant inserted in a class 1 integron. Results of PFGE indicated that some E. coli strains carrying integrons were clonally related. Carriage of gene cassettes was significantly associated with resistance to certain antibiotics (P < 0.05).     

Is photobleaching necessary for Raman imaging of bone tissue using a green laser?

Raman microspectroscopy is widely used for musculoskeletal tissues studies. But the fluorescence background obscures prominent Raman bands of mineral and matrix components of bone tissue. A 532-nm laser irradiation has been used efficiently to remove the fluorescence background from Raman spectra of cortical bone. Photochemical bleaching reduces over 80% of the fluorescence background after 2 h and is found to be nondestructive within 40 min. The use of electron multiplying couple charge detector (EMCCD) enables to acquire Raman spectra of bone tissues within 1-5 s range and to obtain Raman images less than in 10 min.     

Using MazeSuite and Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy to Study Learning in Spatial Navigation

MazeSuite is a complete toolset to prepare, present and analyze navigational and spatial experiments¹. MazeSuite can be used to design and edit adapted virtual 3D environments, track a participants'' behavioral performance within the virtual environment and synchronize with external devices for physiological and neuroimaging measures, including electroencephalogram and eye tracking.Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) is an optical brain imaging technique that enables continuous, noninvasive, and portable monitoring of changes in cerebral blood oxygenation related to human brain functions^2-7. Over the last decade fNIR is used to effectively monitor cognitive tasks such as attention, working memory and problem solving^7-11. fNIR can be implemented in the form of a wearable and minimally intrusive device; it has the capacity to monitor brain activity in ecologically valid environments. Cognitive functions assessed through task performance involve patterns of brain activation of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that vary from the initial novel task performance, after practice and during retention¹². Using positron emission tomography (PET), Van Horn and colleagues found that regional cerebral blood flow was activated in the right frontal lobe during the encoding (i.e., initial naïve performance) of spatial navigation of virtual mazes while there was little to no activation of the frontal regions after practice and during retention tests. Furthermore, the effects of contextual interference, a learning phenomenon related to organization of practice, are evident when individuals acquire multiple tasks under different practice schedules^13,14. High contextual interference (random practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a non-sequential, unpredictable order. Low contextual interference (blocked practice schedule) is created when the tasks to be learned are presented in a predictable order.Our goal here is twofold: first to illustrate the experimental protocol design process and the use of MazeSuite, and second, to demonstrate the setup and deployment of the fNIR brain activity monitoring system using Cognitive Optical Brain Imaging (COBI) Studio software¹⁵. To illustrate our goals, a subsample from a study is reported to show the use of both MazeSuite and COBI Studio in a single experiment. The study involves the assessment of cognitive activity of the PFC during the acquisition and learning of computer maze tasks for blocked and random orders. Two right-handed adults (one male, one female) performed 315 acquisition, 30 retention and 20 transfer trials across four days. Design, implementation, data acquisition and analysis phases of the study were explained with the intention to provide a guideline for future studies.