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With increasing reports on bioterrorism, avian flu, and other bio-threats, rapid and real time detection methods are highly warranted. Studies on developing highly sensitive immunosensors aiming at the early detection and clinical diagnoses of various diseases including cancer are undertaken all over the globe. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been widely discussed as materials with enormous potential for a wide range of in vivo and in vitro bioapplications, ranging from drug delivery to highly sensitive biosensors, owing to their superior electronic and mechanical properties along with nanoscale dimensions. Though a lot of attention has been drawn toward carbon nanotubes for the past 15 years in academia and to a certain extent in industry, CNT-based immunosensors and other applications are still in the nascent stage, and there are many challenges to be overcome for the successful commercialization of the concepts. This article highlights on the recent developments and the possible impacts of carbon nanotube based immunosensors. 相似文献
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Wajahatullah Khan Usha P. Rayirath Sowmyalakshmi Subramanian Mundaya N. Jithesh Prasanth Rayorath D. Mark Hodges Alan T. Critchley James S. Craigie Jeff Norrie Balakrishan Prithiviraj 《Journal of Plant Growth Regulation》2009,28(4):386-399
Marine algal seaweed species are often regarded as an underutilized bioresource, many have been used as a source of food,
industrial raw materials, and in therapeutic and botanical applications for centuries. Moreover, seaweed and seaweed-derived
products have been widely used as amendments in crop production systems due to the presence of a number of plant growth-stimulating
compounds. However, the biostimulatory potential of many of these products has not been fully exploited due to the lack of
scientific data on growth factors present in seaweeds and their mode of action in affecting plant growth. This article provides
a comprehensive review of the effect of various seaweed species and seaweed products on plant growth and development with
an emphasis on the use of this renewable bioresource in sustainable agricultural systems. 相似文献
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Sha Jin Erika Ellis Jithesh V. Veetil Huantong Yao Kaiming Ye 《Biotechnology progress》2011,27(4):1107-1114
The in vivo high‐throughput screening (HTS) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors is a significant challenge because of the lack of reliable assays that allow the visualization of HIV targets within living cells. In this study, we developed a new molecular probe that utilizes the principles of Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) to visualize HIV‐1 protease inhibition within living cells. The probe is constructed by linking two fluorescent proteins: AcGFP1 (a mutant green fluorescent protein) and mCherry (a red fluorescent protein) with an HIV‐1 protease cleavable p2/p7 peptide. The cleavage of the linker peptide by HIV‐1 protease leads to separation of AcGFP1 from mCherry, quenching FRET between AcGFP1 and mCherry. Conversely, the addition of a protease inhibitor prevents the cleavage of the linker peptide by the protease, allowing FRET from AcGFP1 to mCherry. Thus, HIV‐1 protease inhibition can be determined by measuring the FRET signal's change generated from the probe. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the feasibility of applying the probe for quantitative analyses of HIV‐1 protease inhibition. By cotransfecting HIV‐1 protease and the probe expression plasmids into 293T cells, we showed that the inhibition of HIV‐1 protease by inhibitors can be visualized or quantitatively determined within living cells through ratiometric FRET microscopy imaging measurement. It is expected that this new probe will allow high‐content screening (HCS) of new anti‐HIV drugs. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011 相似文献
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Ramasamy EV Gajalakshmi S Sanjeevi R Jithesh MN Abbasi SA 《Bioresource technology》2004,93(2):209-212
The feasibility of using upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactors for the treatment of dairy wastewaters was explored. Two types of UASBs were used--one operating on anaerobic sludge granules developed by us from digested cowdung slurry (DCDS) and the other on the granules obtained from the reactors of M/s EID Parry treating sugar industry wastewaters. The reactors were operated at HRT of 3 and 12 h and on COD loading rates ranging from 2.4 kg per m3 of digester volume, per day to 13.5 kg m(-3) d(-1). At the 3 h HRT, the maximum COD reduction in the DCDS-seeded and the industrial sludge-seeded reactors was 95.6% and 96.3%, respectively, better than at 12 h HRT (90% and 92%, respectively). In both the reactors, the maximum, the second best, and the third best COD reduction occurred at the loading rates of 10.8, 8.6 and 7.2 kg m3 d(-1), respectively. At loading rates higher than 10.8 kg, the reactor performance dropped precipitously. Whereas in the first few months the reactors operating on sludge from EID Parry achieved better biodegradation of the waste, compared to the reactors operated on DCDS, the performance of the latter gradually improved and matched with the performance of the former. 相似文献
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Prasanth Rayorath Mundaya N. Jithesh Amir Farid Wajahatullah Khan Ravishankar Palanisamy Simon D Hankins Alan T Critchley Balakrishnan Prithiviraj 《Journal of applied phycology》2008,20(4):423-429
Ascophyllum nodosum extract products are used commercially in the form of liquid concentrate and soluble powder. These formulations are manufactured
from seaweeds that are harvested from natural habitats with inherent environmental variability. The seaweeds by themselves
are at different stages of their development life-cycle. Owing to these differences, there could be variability in chemical
composition that could in turn affect product consistency and performance. Here, we have tested the applicability of using
Arabidopsis thaliana as a model to study the activity of two different extracts from A. nodosum. Three different bioassays: Arabidopsis root-tip elongation bioassay, Arabidopsis liquid growth bioassay and greenhouse growth bioassay were evaluated as growth assays. Our results indicate that both extracts
promoted root and shoot growth in comparison to controls. Further, using Arabidopsis plants with a DR5:GUS reporter gene construct, we provide evidence that components of the commercial A. nodosum extracts modulates the concentration and localisation of auxins which could account, at least in part, for the enhanced plant
growth. The results suggest that A. thaliana could be used effectively as a rapid means to test the bioactivity of seaweed extracts and fractions. 相似文献
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Dario Barbone Loes Van Dam Carlo Follo Puthen V. Jithesh Shu-Dong Zhang William G. Richards Raphael Bueno Dean A. Fennell V. Courtney Broaddus 《PloS one》2016,11(3)
To investigate the underlying causes of chemoresistance in malignant pleural mesothelioma, we have studied mesothelioma cell lines as 3D spheroids, which acquire increased chemoresistance compared to 2D monolayers. We asked whether the gene expression of 3D spheroids would reveal mechanisms of resistance. To address this, we measured gene expression of three mesothelioma cell lines, M28, REN and VAMT, grown as 2D monolayers and 3D spheroids. A total of 209 genes were differentially expressed in common by the three cell lines in 3D (138 upregulated and 71 downregulated), although a clear resistance pathway was not apparent. We then compared the list of 3D genes with two publicly available datasets of gene expression of 56 pleural mesotheliomas compared to normal tissues. Interestingly, only three genes were increased in both 3D spheroids and human tumors: argininosuccinate synthase 1 (ASS1), annexin A4 (ANXA4) and major vault protein (MVP); of these, ASS1 was the only consistently upregulated of the three genes by qRT-PCR. To measure ASS1 protein expression, we stained 2 sets of tissue microarrays (TMA): one with 88 pleural mesothelioma samples and the other with additional 88 pleural mesotheliomas paired with matched normal tissues. Of the 176 tumors represented on the two TMAs, ASS1 was expressed in 87 (50%; staining greater than 1 up to 3+). For the paired samples, ASS1 expression in mesothelioma was significantly greater than in the normal tissues. Reduction of ASS1 expression by siRNA significantly sensitized mesothelioma spheroids to the pro-apoptotic effects of bortezomib and of cisplatin plus pemetrexed. Although mesothelioma is considered by many to be an ASS1-deficient tumor, our results show that ASS1 is elevated at the mRNA and protein levels in mesothelioma 3D spheroids and in human pleural mesotheliomas. We also have uncovered a survival role for ASS1, which may be amenable to targeting to undermine mesothelioma multicellular resistance. 相似文献
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Normal growth and development of plants is greatly dependent on the capacity to overcome environmental stresses. Environmental
stress conditions like high salinity, drought, high incident light and low or high temperature cause major crop losses worldwide.
A common denominator in all these adverse conditions is the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within different cellular
compartments of the plant cell. Plants have developed robust mechanisms including enzymatic or nonenzymatic scavenging pathways
to counter the deleterious effects of ROS production. There are a number of general reviews on oxidative stress in plants
and few on the role of ROS scavengers during stress conditions. Here we review the regulation of antioxidant enzymes during
salt stress in halophytes, especially mangroves. We conclude that (i) antioxidant enzymes protect halophytes from deleterious
ROS production during salt stress, and (ii) genetic information from mangroves and other halophytes would be helpful in defining
the roles of individual isoforms. This information would be critical in using the appropriate genes for oxidative stress defence
for genetic engineering of enhanced stress tolerance in crop systems. 相似文献
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