全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3592篇 |
免费 | 242篇 |
国内免费 | 5篇 |
专业分类
3839篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 2篇 |
2023年 | 14篇 |
2022年 | 52篇 |
2021年 | 84篇 |
2020年 | 37篇 |
2019年 | 59篇 |
2018年 | 90篇 |
2017年 | 63篇 |
2016年 | 110篇 |
2015年 | 166篇 |
2014年 | 189篇 |
2013年 | 240篇 |
2012年 | 295篇 |
2011年 | 326篇 |
2010年 | 202篇 |
2009年 | 162篇 |
2008年 | 228篇 |
2007年 | 253篇 |
2006年 | 253篇 |
2005年 | 236篇 |
2004年 | 208篇 |
2003年 | 165篇 |
2002年 | 194篇 |
2001年 | 22篇 |
2000年 | 8篇 |
1999年 | 18篇 |
1998年 | 28篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 17篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 14篇 |
1993年 | 13篇 |
1992年 | 7篇 |
1991年 | 7篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1988年 | 2篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 2篇 |
1984年 | 2篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 3篇 |
1981年 | 4篇 |
1980年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 3篇 |
1978年 | 4篇 |
1976年 | 2篇 |
1972年 | 2篇 |
1951年 | 1篇 |
1950年 | 1篇 |
1942年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有3839条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Vyacheslav L. L'vov Irina K. Verner Larisa Yu. Musina Alexander V. Rodionov Anatoly V. Ignatenko Alexander S. Shashkov 《Archives of microbiology》1992,157(2):131-134
On the basis of chemical and NMR data the partial structure of lipid A from lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Neisseria meningitidis group B, strain BC5S No 125 was established. Lipid A consisted of disaccharide 2-deoxy-6-O-[2-deoxy-2-(3-hydroxytetradecanoylamino)--gluco-pyranosyl]-2-(3-hydroxytetradecanoylamino)--glucopyranose carrying the -(2-aminoethyl)pyrophosphate residue at 0–4 and the pyrophosphate or phosphate residue at 0–1. On hydrolysis of the acidic form of LOS with 1% acetic acid the substituent at 0–1 was practically completely removed whereas that at 0–4 was stable. The analogous hydrolysis of the Mg-salt of LOS was accompanied by splitting off the pyrophosphate linkage in the substituent at 0–4. Hydrolysis of LOS at pH 4.5 in the presence of SDS led mainly to a lipid A preparation retaining both pyrophosphate residues.Abbreviations KDO
2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid
- LA-I, LA-II
preparations of lipid A
- LOS
lipooligosaccharide
- LOS-H+
the acidic form of LOS
- OS
oligosaccharide
- TLC
thin-layer chromatography
- GLC-MS
gas-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry 相似文献
2.
Rolands Vegners Irina Shestakova Ivars Kalvinsh Robert M. Ezzell Paul A. Janmey 《Journal of peptide science》1995,1(6):371-378
A dipeptide of the formula Fmoc-Leu-Asp and some other related dipeptides were synthesized in solution by standard methods. When such peptides are dissolved in water at concentrations below 1% at 100 °C and cooled below 60 °C they form turbid solutions and eventaully visocelastic gels at lower temperatures. Such gels are thermoreversible and can also be disrupted by mechanical agitation. At a concentration of 2 mg/ml the peptide Fmoc-Leu-Asp forms an aqueous gel at 60 °C with a shear modulus of 80 Pa measured at a frequency of 1 rad/s. Peptide solutions undergo an abrupt increase in light scattering between 1 and 1.5 mg/ml at both 23 and 60 °C. By analogy with previous observations of other systems, this increse appears to be due to the formation of filamentous micelles and the aggregation of filamaents into a three-dimensional network. When low molecular weight adamantanamine derivatives, which are inherently non-antigenci antiviral drugs, were incorporated into the Fmoc-Leu-Asp gel and injected into rabbits, high titre specific antibodies were efficiently produced without the need for additional adjuvant. Both the physical properties of the gel and its effect on the antigenicity of low molecular weight compounds suggest a number of practical applications. 相似文献
3.
Efficient generation of chimaeric mice using embryonic stem cells after long-term culture in the presence of ciliary neurotrophic factor 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Eckhard Wolf Rainer Kramer Irina Polejaeva Hans Thoenen Gottfried Brem 《Transgenic research》1994,3(3):152-158
The aim of our study was to evaluate whether ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) can substitute for leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF) in maintaining pluripotential embryonic stem (ES) cells in culture. Two subclones of D3 ES cells were used to assess cell proliferation and differentiation in the presence of CNTF, LIF or Buffalo rat liver (BRL) cell-conditioned medium, or in the absence of exogenous differentiation inhibiting factors. ES cells maintained in medium supplemented with CNTF for up to four weeks were injected into blastocysts to investigate theirin vivo pluripotency in terms of chimaera formation. CNTF inhibited ES cell differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. The most effective concentration was 10 ng CNTF per ml of medium. The effects of CNTF on ES cell differentiation and proliferation were comparable to those of LIF at the same concentration. BRL cell-conditioned medium was less effective at preventing ES cell differentiation but induced their proliferation very markedly. Both ES cell clones efficiently formed chimaeras after long-term culture with CNTF as the only differentiation inhibiting agent. The ability of these ES cells to colonize the germ-line is the ultimate proof that CNTF can preserve the pluripotency of ES cells. 相似文献
4.
Andrei O. Zalensky John W. Breneman Irina A. Zalenskaya B. R. Brinkley E. Morton Bradbury 《Chromosoma》1993,102(8):509-518
The localization of centromeres in mature human sperm was shown by immunofluorescent labeling and nonisotopic in situ hybridization. In the decondensed nucleus structural elements (dimers, tetramers, linear arrays and V shape structures) formed by individual centromeres of nonhomologous chromosomes were observed. They organize the compact chromocenter, which was shown for nuclei decondensed to a low extent. The chromocenter is buried inside the nucleus; in contrast, telomeric regions of chromosomes were tentatively localized on the periphery. Thus, a gross architecture, which can influence selective unpackaging of the paternal genome upon fertilization, exists in human sperm. 相似文献
5.
Irina Zaitseva Vjacheslav Zaitsev Graeme Card Kirill Moshkov Benjamin Bax Adam Ralph Peter Lindley 《Journal of biological inorganic chemistry》1996,1(1):15-23
The X-ray structure of human serum ceruloplasmin has been solved at a resolution of 3.1?Å. The structure reveals that the molecule is comprised of six plastocyanin-type domains arranged in a triangular array. There are six copper atoms; three form a trinuclear cluster sited at the interface of domains 1 and 6, and there are three mononuclear sites in domains 2, 4 and 6. Each of the mononuclear coppers is coordinated to a cysteine and two histidine residues, and those in domains 4 and 6 also coordinate to a methionine residue; in domain 2, the methionine is replaced by a leucine residue which may form van der Waals type contacts with the copper. The trinuclear centre and the mononuclear copper in domain 6 form a cluster essentially the same as that found in ascorbate oxidase, strongly suggesting an oxidase role for ceruloplasmin in the plasma. 相似文献
6.
Mozhaev Vadim V. Kudryashova Elena V. Efremova Nadezhda V. Topchieva Irina N. 《Biotechnology Techniques》1996,10(11):849-854
Summary -Chymotrypsin has been modified with poly(ethylene glycols) and proxanols, block-copolymers of poly(propylene oxide) and poly(ethylene oxide). These conjugates were several-fold more thermostable and showed high catalytic activity at elevated concentrations of water-miscible organic cosolvents (alcohols and dimethyl sulfoxide) which caused inactivation of free (non-modified) -chymotrypsin. 相似文献
7.
Konstantin K Turoverov Vladislav V Verkhusha Mikhail M Shavlovsky Alexander G Biktashev Olga I Povarova Irina M Kuznetsova 《Biochemistry》2002,41(3):1014-1019
The kinetics of actin unfolding induced by guanidine hydrochloride has been studied. On the basis of obtained experimental data a new kinetic pathway of actin unfolding was proposed. We have shown that the transition from native to inactivated actin induced by guanidine hydrochloride (GdnHCl) passes through essential unfolding of the protein. This means that inactivated actin should be considered as the off-pathway species rather than an intermediate conformation between native and completely unfolded states of actin, as has been assumed earlier. The rate constants of the transitions that give rise to the inactivated actin were determined. At 1.0-2.0 M GdnHCl the value of the rate constant of the transition from native to essentially unfolded actin exceeds that of the following step of inactivated actin formation. It leads to the accumulation of essentially unfolded macromolecules early in the unfolding process, which in turn causes the minimum in the time dependencies of tryptophan fluorescence intensity, parameter A, characterizing the intrinsic fluorescence spectrum position, and tryptophan fluorescence anisotropy. 相似文献
8.
The occipital cortex (OC) of early-blind humans is activated during various nonvisual perceptual and cognitive tasks, but little is known about its modular organization. Using functional MRI we tested whether processing of auditory versus tactile and spatial versus nonspatial information was dissociated in the OC of the early blind. No modality-specific OC activation was observed. However, the right middle occipital gyrus (MOG) showed a preference for spatial over nonspatial processing of both auditory and tactile stimuli. Furthermore, MOG activity was correlated with accuracy of individual sound localization performance. In sighted controls, most of extrastriate OC, including the MOG, was deactivated during auditory and tactile conditions, but the right MOG was more activated during spatial than nonspatial visual tasks. Thus, although the sensory modalities driving the neurons in the reorganized OC of blind individuals are altered, the functional specialization of extrastriate cortex is retained regardless of visual experience. 相似文献
9.
Evolved distal tail carbohydrate binding modules of Lactobacillus phage J‐1: a novel type of anti‐receptor widespread among lactic acid bacteria phages 下载免费PDF全文
Maria‐Eugenia Dieterle Silvia Spinelli Irina Sadovskaya Mariana Piuri Christian Cambillau 《Molecular microbiology》2017,104(4):608-620
Bacteriophage replication requires specific host‐recognition. Some siphophages harbour a large complex, the baseplate, at the tip of their non‐contractile tail. This baseplate holds receptor binding proteins (RBPs) that can recognize the host cell‐wall polysaccharide (CWPS) and specifically attach the phage to its host. While most phages possess a dedicated RBP, the phage J‐1 that infects Lactobacillus casei seemed to lack one. It has been shown that the phage J‐1 distal tail protein (Dit) plays a role in host recognition and that its sequence comprises two inserted modules compared with ‘classical’ Dits. The first insertion is similar to carbohydrate‐binding modules (CBMs), whereas the second insertion remains undocumented. Here, we determined the structure of the second insertion and found it also similar to several CBMs. Expressed insertion CBM2, but not CBM1, binds to L. casei cells and neutralize phage attachment to the bacterial cell wall and the isolated and purified CWPS of L. casei BL23 prevents CBM2 attachment to the host. Electron microscopy single particle reconstruction of the J‐1 virion baseplate revealed that CBM2 is projected at the periphery of Dit to optimally bind the CWPS receptor. Taken together, these results identify J‐1 evolved Dit as the phage RBP. 相似文献
10.