DIFFERENTIATION OF ACTIVITY PATTERNS IN THE SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES DURING SWALLOWING OF FOODS WITH FIVE TASTE QUALITIES

Activity patterns of the suprahyoid muscles were examined using a new analytical technique. The suprahyoid activities were recorded during swallowing of tasteless foods and foods with taste qualities (sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami). The technique involved: (1) division of cumulative integrated suprahyoid activities from each swallow into 10 equal sections and (2) assignment of individually sectioned activities to a standardized timescale as T_P (from T₁₀To T₁₀₀; relative time for P% of the cumulative electromyogram) to enable comparison of data from different trials. Three significant differences were found in T _p between the following foods: tasteless and sour, tasteless and bitter, and sour and umami. However, the differences were not repeatedly confirmed. These results suggest that gustatory signals from food tastes affect differentially the activity patterns of the suprahyoid muscles during pharyngeal swallowing, although the effect is not permanent. This method may be used to measure taste impressions in infants and in certain disabled subjects.     

STAGING OF NEWT BLASTULA EMBRYOS AND FIRST APPEARANCE OF PRIMARY MESODERMAL COMPETENCE

Using the swimbladder of the crusian carp ( Carrasius auratus ) as an inductor, the first appearance of mesodermal competence in the presumptive ectoderm of the newt ( Triturus pyrrhogaster ) blastula was investigated. The time course of embryonic development before the gastrula stage was determined by counting the number of surface cells on a 0.25 mm line at the animal pole. Pregastrula embryos with 2–3, 4–5, 6–7 and 7–8 cells roughly correspond to those at 14, 14–12, 8–6 and 4–0 hr before the beginning of gastrulation. Using presumptive ectoderm of the early gastrula stage, 15 min was found to be the minimum time of contact necessary for the realization of induction. The reactivity of the presumptive ectoderm from pregastrula embryos was tested by 30 min contact. Presumptive ectoderm up to the 4–5 cell stage did not react to the inductor. It may become competent within the next 4–8 hr, since the ectoderm from embryos in the 6–7 cell stage was reactive.     

Behavior of a Virus in a Symbiotic System, Paramecium bursaria—Zoochlorella

SYNOPSIS In a culture system of Paramecium bursaria , virus particles were found in large number. The particle was able to infect and multiply in certain cells of the zoochlorella, an intracellular symbiotic alga of P. bursaria. The infective particle, designated as zoochlorella cell virus (ZCV), was icosahedral and 120–180 nm in edge to edge diameter. The ZCV particle was found to differ from any of the already established viruses attacking the green and the blue-green algae. Within the system where P. bursaria cells were growing, ZCV particles were detected in the depression of the pellicle, among the cilia growing in the cytopharynx, and in the food vacuole of P. bursaria. ZCV particles were infective only for the zoochlorella cells which were recently released from the cytoplasm of P. bursaria. The multiplication process of ZCV comprised the adsorption of the particle to the cell wall of the zoochlorella, the penetration of nucleic acid into the host cell interior, the replication of viral constituents, the maturation of viral particles and their final release by the burst of the zoochlorella cell. ZCV particles appeared only in the cytoplasmic region of the zoochlorella cell in which many ribosomes were distributed. A possible ecosystem among the 3 members consisting of P. bursaria , zoochlorella and ZCV is discussed.     

Anti-oxidation activity of ethanol extracts from natural thalli of lichens

Screening test on anti-oxidation activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) was performed for 99 ethanol extracts of 85 species of natural thalli of lichens in order to find novel anti-oxidation compounds.The 17 extracts of natural thalli showed high anti-oxidation activity.Among them,the activities of extracts from Hypogymnia vittata,Peltigera aphthosa,Nephromopsis ornata,Pseudevernia furfuracea,Cladonia vulcani and Peltigera elizabethae were higher.Extracts of Peltigera spp.showed higher activity than those of other genera.The ethanol extract of P.aphthosa had been separated into ethyl acetate-soluble and water-soluble fractions.Two anti-oxidative spots were found only in the water-soluble fractions by thin-layer chromatography.The compound in the lower spot had the same Rf value,UV spectrum,and color as authentic solorinine that was previously found as a unique quaternary ammonium compound from Peltigera spp.We now report that the hydrophilic lichen substance,solorinine showed a nearly same anti-oxidation activity(EC50=120?mol/Lol/L) as standard antioxidant Trolox(EC50=150?mol/L).     

中国柱衣属小志

对中国柱衣属Pilophorus进行了系统的分类学研究。通过标本采集发现了6个种,包含过去报道的4个种：P. acicularis,P. cereolus,P. clavatus和P. curtulus,以及两个作者近期发表的种：P. fruticosus和P. yunnanensis。对这6个种进行了形态学,解剖学以及化学特征的描述,并且提供了中国柱衣属的检索表和形态特征。     

Ultrastructural Study of an Endosymbiotic Alga and Its Host Ciliate Stentor niger

Stentor niger collected in the suburbs of Hiroshima contained in its cytoplasm several hundreds of endosymbiotic algae and innumerable brownish pigment granules. The body of the ciliate was dark due to a mixture of the green endosymbiotic algae and brown pigment granules. The algae belonged to the genus Chlorella; each was enclosed in a perialgal vacuole and dispersed uniformly in the host cytoplasm from the myoneme layer inward to the center of the ciliate. The cell wall and plasma membrane of the alga enclosed a nucleus, chloroplast, mitochondrion, Golgi complex, accumulation bodies, myelinated vesicles, and many ribosomes. The chloroplast occupied more than half of the volume of the alga and contained a conspicuous pyrenoid. Algal multiplication occurred by two successive divisions of an alga, leading to four autospores within a perialgal vacuole; the walls of the vacuole invaginated to separate the autospores each into its own vacuole. Three types of pigment granules were scattered uniformly throughout the cytoplasm of the ciliate. The ultrastructure of the membranellar region, somatic cortex, and macro- and micronucleus of the ciliate are also described.     

Effects of Succinyl Concanavalin A and Tunicamycin on F9 Embryonal Carcinoma Cells: Inhibition of Cell Spreading

Succinyl concanavalin A at a concentration of 50 μg/ml inhibited spreading of F9 embryonal carcinoma cells, while at this concentration it inhibited cell growth only partially. Thus, in the presence of succinyl concanavalin A, F9 cells grew as rounded cell aggregates that sometimes became detached from the substratum. Tunicamycin at a concentration of 1 μg/ml had a similar effect on F9 cells. These results suggest that a mannosyl glycoprotein(s) is involved in cell-substratum interaction of the cells. Furthermore, tunicamycin partially inhibited the biosynthesis of embryoglycan, the large glycoprotein-bound carbohydrates of early embryonic cells.     

C-Type Virus associated with Gibbon Lymphosarcoma

C-TYPE viruses have been established as the causal agents of leukaemia in murine and feline species and have been characterized^1,2. C-type virus is also probably associated with fibrosarcoma in non-human primates^3–6. To determine whether viruses with identical characteristics are associated with other neoplasms in simian species, we looked for C-type viruses in cases of leukaemia. A gibbon (Hylobates lar) with a disseminated tumour (later confirmed as lymphosarcoma) was made available to the Comparative Oncology Laboratory by Dr Malcolm Jones of the University of California, San Francisco Medical Center. The principal sites of involvement (lymph node, liver and bone marrow) were extensively overrun with massive neoplastic cells, which were predominantly prolymphocytic forms. Electron microscopy revealed C-type particles identical to those observed in vitro in sections from lymph nodes, liver, spleen and bone marrow.