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Melanitou E Devendra D Liu E Miao D Eisenbarth GS 《Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950)》2004,173(11):6603-6610
Aiming to study the early stages of type 1 diabetes phenotype, before insulitis appears, we measured insulin autoantibodies (IAA) between 3 and 5 wk of age in the NOD mouse (early-IAA (E-IAA)). We report that IAA are found as early as at 3 wk of age, at weaning, and their expression is a quantal phenotype. Maternal autoantibody status influences this early phenotype, because animals of litters issued from IAA-positive ante partum mothers develop E-IAA with a significantly higher incidence than animals issued from IAA-negative mothers. These E-IAA represent synthesized rather than transplacental autoantibodies, as evidenced by higher levels in many offspring compared with maternal IAA, and negative as well as positive offspring in the same litters and it correlates with early diabetes onset, defining the first autoimmune window in diabetes pathogenesis. Therefore, autoimmune processes leading to type 1 diabetes initiate early in life, are influenced by maternal autoantibody status, and can be revealed by the presence of IAA. Our data suggest that the mechanisms responsible for the breakdown of self-tolerance are subjected not only to genetic predisposition, but also to the physiological status of the mother. Pathological progression to autoimmunity is marked by the presence of immunological windows relating early steps with final disease onset. 相似文献
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da Silva K Florentino LA da Silva KB de Brandt E Vandamme P de Souza Moreira FM 《Systematic and applied microbiology》2012,35(3):175-182
The aim of the present study was to identify a collection of 35 Cupriavidus isolates at the species level and to examine their capacity to nodulate and fix N(2). These isolates were previously obtained from the root nodules of two promiscuous trap species, Phaseolus vulgaris and Leucaena leucocephala, inoculated with soil samples collected near Sesbania virgata plants growing in Minas Gerais (Brazil) pastures. Phenotypic and genotypic methods applied for this study were SDS-PAGE of whole-cell proteins, and 16S rRNA and gyrB gene sequencing. To confirm the ability to nodulate and fix N(2), the presence of the nodC and nifH genes was also determined, and an experiment was carried out with two representative isolates in order to authenticate them as legume nodule symbionts. All 35 isolates belonged to the betaproteobacterium Cupriavidus necator, they possessed the nodC and nifH genes, and two representative isolates were able to nodulate five different promiscuous legume species: Mimosa caesalpiniaefolia, L. leucocephala, Macroptilium atropurpureum, P. vulgaris and Vigna unguiculata. This is the first study to demonstrate that C. necator can nodulate legume species. 相似文献
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Evie K. Sehr Lindsay N. Beasley Kurtis W. Wilson Brian G. Gall 《Ecology and evolution》2016,6(8):2486-2493
Learning is crucial to the survival of organisms across their life span, including during embryonic development. We set out to determine when learning becomes possible in amphibian development by exposing spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) embryos to chemical stimuli from a predator (Ambystoma opacum), nonpredator (Lithobates clamitans), or control at developmental stages 16–21 or 36–38 (Harrison 1969 ). Once exposures were completed and embryos hatched, we recorded the number of movements and time spent moving of individuals in both groups and all treatments. There was no significant difference in number of movements or time spent moving among any of the treatments. The groups that were exposed to predator stimuli and a blank control at stages 36–38 were also tested to determine whether there was a difference in refuge preference or difference in survivorship when exposed to a predator (marbled salamander). There was no difference in survival or refuge preference between individuals; however, all individuals preferred vegetated over open areas regardless of treatment type. We discuss hypotheses for the absence of embryonic learning in this species and suggest it may be the result of the intensity of the predator–prey interaction between the predator, large marbled salamander larvae, and the prey, spotted salamander larvae. 相似文献
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Huys G Vanhoutte T Joossens M Mahious AS De Brandt E Vermeire S Swings J 《Current microbiology》2008,56(6):553-557
The main aim of this study was to evaluate the specificity of three commonly used 16S rRNA gene-based polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) primer sets for bacterial community analysis of samples contaminated with eukaryotic DNA. The specificity of primer
sets targeting the V3, V3-V5, and V6-V8 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene was investigated in silico and by community fingerprinting of human and fish intestinal samples. Both in silico and PCR-based analysis revealed cross-reactivity of the V3 and V3-V5 primers with the 18S rRNA gene of human and sturgeon. The consequences of this primer anomaly were illustrated by denaturing
gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) profiling of microbial communities in human feces and mixed gut of Siberian sturgeon.
DGGE profiling indicated that the cross-reactivity of 16S rRNA gene primers with nontarget eukaryotic DNA might lead to an
overestimation of bacterial biodiversity. This study has confirmed previous sporadic indications in literature indicating
that several commonly applied 16S rRNA gene primer sets lack specificity toward bacteria in the presence of eukaryotic DNA.
The phenomenon of cross-reactivity is a potential source of systematic error in all biodiversity studies where no subsequent
analysis of individual community amplicons by cloning and sequencing is performed. 相似文献
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Evie S. Kendal 《The Yale journal of biology and medicine》2022,95(3):371
Artificial wombs are already in development that have the potential to radically alter how we perceive the developing fetus and the role of pregnancy in society. That this technology would allow greater visibility of gestation than ever before also highlights the risk that artificial wombs will be used to further restrict women’s reproductive liberty and access to abortion. This article uses Paul Lauritzen’s theory of “visual bioethics” to explore the ethical significance of images of the developing fetus and how artificial wombs might best be visually designed and integrated into society. 相似文献
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Anita Palepu Anne Gadermann Anita M. Hubley Susan Farrell Evie Gogosis Tim Aubry Stephen W. Hwang 《PloS one》2013,8(10)