Cultured astrocytes from a syncytium after maturation

The formation of functional gap junctions between astrocytes was investigated during differentiation of these cells in culture. Precursor cells of GFA (glial fibrillary acidic) protein-positive astrocytes were cultured in a chemically defined medium as a homogeneous population. These cells were rarely coupled to one neighbour, as revealed by electrical and dye coupling and never formed a large syncytium, as investigated by injection and spread of Lucifer Yellow. Differentiation with respect to GFA protein accumulation can be induced in these cells by culturing in horse serum-containing medium. The formation of functional junctions developed within 2 weeks in about 20% of the cells. Coupled cells formed a large syncytium. When the astrocytes were co-cultured with primary cerebellar cells (consisting predominantly of small neurons) after the switch to serum-containing medium the percentage of coupled astrocytes increased to about 65%. Again the coupled cells formed a large syncytium. Since no physical contact was possible between the astrocyte cultures and the primary cerebellar cells the stimulation of coupling had to be signalized by soluble factor(s).     

Synthesis of intrathecal interferon in systemic lupus erythematosus with neurological complications.

Intrathecal synthesis of interferon in the absence of viral or bacterial infection was detected during the occurrence of neurological complications in two patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The interferons displayed characteristics similar to those observed in the sera of patients with the disease. No interferon inducing activity was detected in the cerebrospinal fluid or serum of the two patients. These observations support the hypothesis of a localised mechanism of interferon induction in systemic lupus erythematosus which includes the interaction of lymphocytes with damaged tissues.     

The effect of carbofuran-toxication on the chloragogen tissue of Tubifex tubifex Müll. (Oligochaeta).

Chloragogen cells, subserving ion exchange and electron accepting functions, were studied in Tubifex tubifex after insecticide treatment. Chloragogen cells were strongly influenced by in vivo carbofuran poisoning. The first alterations in the chloragogen cells became activated, both the formation and release of the chloragosomes reached a high rate. The released chloragosomes were phagocytosed by the amoebocytes. At an advanced stage of the toxication a heavy loading of the apical cytoplasm of chloragogen cells with lipid droplets, finally degenerative changes both in the chloragogen cells and amoebocytes were observed. Possible mechanisms of the carbofuran toxication and of the protective function of chloragogen cells in T. tubifex are discussed.     

Morphological gradients in the starling basilar papilla

The starling cochlea was studied with TEM at four locations along the basilar papilla to investigate gradients in morphological features over the papilla's length and width. Hair cell shape changes continuously from neural to abneural and from basal to apical. Unlike the situation in mammals, there are no distinct populations of hair cells; the previously described types (tall hair cells and short hair cells) are merely extremes in a continuum. Contacts between THC are a normal feature. Except at the base of the papilla, SHC have very large cuticular plates, suggesting a micromechanical function for these cells. In contrast to the THC, the SHC normally completely lack afferent innervation; this indicates that their function is restricted to within the basilar papilla itself. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Seasonal Changes in the Pattern of Assimilatory Enzymes and of Proteolytic Activities in Leaves of Juvenile Ivy

Ivy growing under natural conditions is an interesting plantto study the influence of external (e.g. temperature, light)and internal (e.g. source/sink relations) factors on leaf metabolism.Leaves of this evergreen plant are subject several times toseasonal changes. The contents of selected assimilatory enzymeswere well conserved throughout the winter indicating that ivyleaves are probably able to make use of short periods with highertemperatures and to immediately restart growth in spring. Totalproteins and carbohydrates increased considerably between Februaryand May before the emergence of the new leaf generation. Theincrease in the content of non-structural carbohydrates wasdue to the accumulation of starch, while soluble sugars peakedin winter and decreased in spring. From May onwards, the assimilateswere retranslocated to the emerging young plant parts. Markedseasonal changes in the peptide hydrolase pattern were observed.All exo- and endopeptidases investigated were minimal duringsummer suggesting that the net protein remobilization from olderleaves was not based on an increase in the level of these majorpeptide hydrolases. Source/sink interactions on a whole plantlevel seem to be decisive in the regulation of seasonal changesin the pattern of assimilatory enzymes and of proteolytic activities.Since ivy leaves remain active for several years, the changesmust be reversible and occur repeatedly during the life-spanof a particular leaf.Copyright 1994, 1999 Academic Press Hedera helix L., ivy, peptide hydrolase, assimilatory enzyme, low temperatures, retranslocation     

Co-existence of immunoreactivity to anti-dopamine,anti-serotonin and anti-vasotocin in the cerebral giant neuron of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis

Summary Consecutive sections of certain neurons in the central ganglia of the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis appear to be immunoreactive to anti-dopamine and anti-serotonin. The Cerebral Giant Neurons stain in addition with antivasotocin. The observations indicate the presence of two biogenic amines within the same neuron and in addition their co-existence with a biologically active peptide.